70 research outputs found
Human CD8+ T cells mediate protective immunity induced by a human malaria vaccine in human immune system mice
No full textAbstractA number of studies have shown that CD8+ T cells mediate protective anti-malaria immunity in a mouse model. However, whether human CD8+ T cells play a role in protection against malaria remains unknown. We recently established human immune system (HIS) mice harboring functional human CD8+ T cells (HIS-CD8 mice) by transduction with HLA-A∗0201 and certain human cytokines using recombinant adeno-associated virus-based gene transfer technologies. These HIS-CD8 mice mount a potent, antigen-specific HLA-A∗0201-restricted human CD8+ T-cell response upon immunization with a recombinant adenovirus expressing a human malaria antigen, the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), termed AdPfCSP. In the present study, we challenged AdPfCSP-immunized HIS-CD8 mice with transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing full-length PfCSP and found that AdPfCSP-immunized (but not naïve) mice were protected against subsequent malaria challenge. The level of the HLA-A∗0201-restricted, PfCSP-specific human CD8+ T-cell response was closely correlated with the level of malaria protection. Furthermore, depletion of human CD8+ T cells from AdPfCSP-immunized HIS-CD8 mice almost completely abolished the anti-malaria immune response. Taken together, our data show that human CD8+ T cells mediate protective anti-malaria immunity in vivo
ChemInform Abstract: Powerful Claisen Condensation and Claisen-Aldol Tandem Reaction of α,α-Dialkylated Esters Promoted by ZrCl4-iPr2NEt.
No full text<Article>The Original Map of Arrowsmith as a Main Source of 'Shintei Bankoku Zenzu' 「新訂万国全図」(Revised Map of the World)
No full text個人情報保護のため削除部分あり著者はわが国近代地理学の草創を一八○○年代のはじめにみとめるものである。この時期を代表する作品が「新訂万国全図」であって、漢・洋の諸資料をひろく捜集し、加うるにわが国本土についての科学的な知識や当時北方のテラ＝インコグニタの地理的知識の獲得のために挑戦していた探険結果を包摂するものであった。それは漢・洋の側からの知識の受容とともに、日本の側からこれに主体的に参与しうる「地理的ランガージュ」をふくんでいた。本稿では「新訂万国全図」の主要資料となったアロウスミスの原図を、わが国に現存する同図の日本北辺・オホーツク・カムチャッカの部分の訳図と説明にみる地図的要素から探索・立証し、その原図の刊年を考えることを筋としながら、明治維新より半世紀以上まえにすでにわが国の学者が世界に関するすばらしい「地理的ランガージュ」を成立せしめていたことを明かにしたく考える。Modern geography in Japan, the author considers, emerged in the early 1800's. 'Shintei Bankoku Zenzu', a representative work of the era, was an integrated result of the wide collecting of Chinese and European sources and, in addition, of the scientific investigation for proper land of Japan and of the explorations which they had been attempting so as to obtain geographical informations of northern terra incognita. In it is observed not only their passive acceptance of Chinese and European knowledge, but also the active engagement accompanied by their own 'langage de la géographie'. The author intends in this article to throw light on the date of publishing of A. Arrowsmith's map, which was a main source of 'Shintei Bankoku Zenzu', investigating into the cartographic elements of an extant Japanese translation of that map of the part north to Japan, that is the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka, with its explanation, then to set forth the fact that scholars in Japan had already realized a remarkable 'langage de la géographie' on the world more than a half century before the Meiji 明治 Restoration
Response Obligation Estimation That Considers Users' Repetitive Utterances using Knowledge-Guided Random Forest
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A possible mechanism of horseback riding on dynamic trunk alignment
No full textThe study aimed to clarify the regularity of the motions of horse's back, rider's pelvis and spine associated with improvement of rider's dynamic trunk alignment. The study used a crossover design, with exercise using the horseback riding simulator (simulator hereafter) as the control condition. The experiments were conducted at Tokyo University of Agriculture Bio-therapy Center. The sample consisted of 20 healthy volunteers age 20–23 years. Participants performed 15-min sessions of horseback riding with a Hokkaido Pony and exercise using the simulator in experiments separated by ≥2 weeks. Surface electromyography (EMG) after horseback riding revealed decreased activity in the erector spinae. Exploratory data analysis of acceleration and angular velocity inferred associations between acceleration (Rider's neck/longitudinal axis [Y hereafter]) and angular velocity (Horse saddle/Y) as well as angular velocity (Rider's pelvis/Y) and angular velocity (Horse saddle/Y). Acceleration (Rider's neck/Y) tended to be associated with angular velocity (Rider's pelvis/Y). Surface EMG following exercise revealed decreased activity in the rectus abdominis and erector spinae after the simulator exercise. Horseback riding improved the rider's dynamic trunk alignment with a clear underlying mechanism, which was not observed with the simulator
Recovery of sensory disturbance after arthroscopic decompression of the suprascapular nerve
No full textBackground: Recently, the existence of sensory branches of the suprascapular nerve (SSN) has been reported, and sensory disturbance at the lateral and posterior aspect of the shoulder has been focused on as a symptom of SSN palsy. We have performed arthroscopic release of SSN at the suprascapular notch in patients with the sensory disturbance since 2006. The purposes of this study were to introduce the arthroscopic surgical technique and to investigate postoperative recovery of sensory disturbance. Methods: Twenty-five shoulders (11 men and 14 women, average age: 63.9 years (range, 41-77)) followed for more than 1 year were included in this study. Arthroscopic decompression of SSN was performed using a suprascapular nerve portal (SN portal) as a landmark for approaching the suprascapular notch. Sensory disturbance of the shoulder was evaluated pre- and postoperatively. The follow-up period was 12-30 months (avg. 18.5). Results: The arthroscopic procedures was able to be performed safely. The preoperative sensory disturbance fully recovered postoperatively in all shoulders. Conclusion: Arthroscopic release of SSN is considered to be a useful procedure for the entrapment of SSN at the suprascapular notch. The sensory disturbance at the lateral and posterior aspect of the shoulder can be used as one of the criteria of diagnosing SSN palsy especially in shoulders with massive rotator cuff tear, which usually have difficulty in diagnosing and assessing the treatment results of associated SSN palsy
Glenoid Stress Distribution in Baseball Players Using Computed Tomography Osteoabsorptiometry: A Pilot Study
No full textBackground: It is important to understand the loading conditions when considering the pathology of shoulder disorders in overhead athletes. However, because throwing is a complicated motion, direct measurement of the stress distribution across the glenohumeral joint is difficult. Subchondral bone density reportedly reflects the cumulative stress acting on a joint surface under actual loading conditions. Questions/Purposes: To assess alterations in stress distribution across the glenoid cavity caused by pitching, we investigated the distribution of subchondral bone density in nonathletic volunteers and asymptomatic baseball players, including fielders and pitchers. Methods: We collected computed tomography (CT) imaging data from the dominant-side shoulder of 10 nonathletic volunteers (controls), 10 fielders, and 10 pitchers in a competitive college baseball league (all men aged 19-24 years, mean 20.7 years). We measured the distribution of subchondral bone density of the glenoid cavity using CT osteoabsorptiometry. The obtained stress distribution map was divided into four segments: anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posteroinferior, and posterosuperior regions. The location and percentages of high-density regions on the articular surface were analyzed quantitatively. Results: The percentages of high-density regions, including the anteroinferior, and posterior segments, were greater in pitchers and fielders than in controls. The percentages of high-density regions did not differ significantly between pitchers and fielders. Conclusions: The bicentric density patterns indicate that the cumulative force of pitching activity affected the long-term stress distribution across the glenoid cavity. Clinical Relevance: The current results provide useful information for analyzing pitching activity and clarifying the pathology of shoulder disorders associated with throwing
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