83 research outputs found
Transcriptomic analysis of the late stages of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) berry ripening reveals significant induction of ethylene signaling and flavor pathways in the skin
No full textBackground: Grapevine berry, a nonclimacteric fruit, has three developmental stages; the last one is when berrycolor and sugar increase. Flavors derived from terpenoid and fatty acid metabolism develop at the very end of thisripening stage. The transcriptomic response of pulp and skin of Cabernet Sauvignon berries in the late stages ofripening between 22 and 37 °Brix was assessed using whole-genome micorarrays.Results: The transcript abundance of approximately 18,000 genes changed with °Brix and tissue type. There were alarge number of changes in many gene ontology (GO) categories involving metabolism, signaling and abioticstress. GO categories reflecting tissue differences were overrepresented in photosynthesis, isoprenoid metabolismand pigment biosynthesis. Detailed analysis of the interaction of the skin and pulp with °Brix revealed that therewere statistically significantly higher abundances of transcripts changing with °Brix in the skin that were involved inethylene signaling, isoprenoid and fatty acid metabolism. Many transcripts were peaking around known optimalfruit stages for flavor production. The transcript abundance of approximately two-thirds of the AP2/ERF superfamilyof transcription factors changed during these developmental stages. The transcript abundance of a unique clade ofERF6-type transcription factors had the largest changes in the skin and clustered with genes involved in ethylene,senescence, and fruit flavor production including ACC oxidase, terpene synthases, and lipoxygenases. The transcriptabundance of important transcription factors involved in fruit ripening was also higher in the skin.Conclusions: A detailed analysis of the transcriptome dynamics during late stages of ripening of grapevine berriesrevealed that these berries went through massive transcriptional changes in gene ontology categories involvingchemical signaling and metabolism in both the pulp and skin, particularly in the skin. Changes in the transcriptabundance of genes involved in the ethylene signaling pathway of this nonclimacteric fruit were statisticallysignificant in the late stages of ripening when the production of transcripts for important flavor and aroma compoundswere at their highest. Ethylene transcription factors known to play a role in leaf senescence also appear to play a role infruit senescence. Ethylene may play a bigger role than previously thought in this non-climacteric fruit
Religious Intolerance in Africa: The Islam-Christian, North-South Divide in Africa and False Gods
No full textTrans-Atlantic Roundtable on Race and Religion. Accra, Ghan
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Within the skin: Grape berries during the mature stages of ripening
No full textA systems biology approach was used to investigate berry skins of three red- (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir) and two white-skinned (Chardonnay, Semillon) wine grape cultivars. Identical sample aliquots were analyzed for transcripts by a grapevine whole genome oligonucleotide microarray and RNAseq technologies, proteins by nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Principal components analysis of each of five Omic technologies predicted similar variance between cultivars. Comparison of RNAseq and microarray data revealed a strong Pearson’s correlation (0.80), but concordance of protein with transcript data was low with a Pearson’s correlation of 0.27 and 0.24 for the RNAseq and microarray data, respectively. Integration of metabolite with protein and transcript data produced an expected model of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, distinguishing red from white grapes, yet, provided detail of individual cultivar differences. The integration of multiple high-throughput Omic datasets revealed complex biochemical variation amongst five cultivars of an ancient and economically important crop species. Grape berry ripening occurs in the late stages of development with increases in sugar, changes in color, and decreases in malate concentration. In the final stages of ripening, fruit flavors and volatile aromas increase to signal readiness for seed dispersal. To identify the common transcriptional changes in the late stages of berry development in multiple grape cultivars, the transcriptomic responses of the berry skins of 7 cultivars of grapes that were grown in the same vineyard were determined using RNAseq at four different °Brix levels (20 to 26 °Brix). The abundance of thousands of transcripts changed significantly in the late stages of berry development. Gene set enrichment analysis of functional Gene Ontology terms provided evidence for a complex interplay of many gene ontology categories including those involved in the circadian clock, postembryonic development, photosynthesis, hormone signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation. There were 809 transcription factors (TF) differentially expressed with increasing ˚Brix (~4% of all transcripts and ~32% of all TF), belonging to 81 families, including the C3H, MYB, AP2/ERF and bHLH families. Our analyses indicate that the circadian clock and epigenetic modification are major factors regulating transcription in mature berries.Finally, pathogenesis-related proteins that accumulated in skins of three red-skinned and two white-skinned cultivars: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Semillon, were characterized in silico, using protein and transcript data. Large amounts of identified proteins were classified as pathogenesis-related in berry skins, more so than what was previously observed in shoot tips. Several PR-families had numerous protein members in skins, which maybe a tissue specific occurrence. The transcript abundance was well correlated to the protein abundance in thaumatins of PR-05, but not so in the L-ascorbate peroxidases of PR-09. Haze-forming proteins, while well represented, did not accumulate with more specificity in the white cultivars and were mostly higher in the red cultivar, Pinot Noir. Large accumulations of PR-proteins in skins at harvest provide support for a prolonged and possibly a constitutive defense mechanism that protects a maturing seed within the berry
Metabolite and transcript profiling of berry skin during fruit development elucidates differential regulation between Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz cultivars at branching points in the polyphenol pathway
No full textGrapevine berries undergo complex biochemical changes during fruit maturation, many of which are dependent upon the variety and its environment. In order to elucidate the varietal dependent developmental regulation of primary and specialized metabolism, berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz were subjected to GC-MS and LC-MS based metabolite profiling from pre-veraison to harvest. The generated dataset was augmented with RNAseq-transcript profiling. The analysis of the metabolite data revealed similar developmental patterns of change in primary metabolites between the two cultivars. In contrast, quite distinct pattern of change was apparent in specialized metabolites towards maturation, suggesting a varietal-dependent metabolic regulation, Transcript profiling revealed coordinated increased transcript abundance for genes encoding enzymes of committing steps in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The anthocyanin metabolite profile showed F3'5'H-mediated delphinidin-type anthocyanin enrichment in both varieties toward maturation, consistent with the transcript data, indicating that the F3’5’H-governed branching step dominates the anthocyanin profile at late berry development. The comparative metabolite profiles and RNAseq analysis of two physiologically different dark-skinned grape varieties revealed the underlying commonalities and cultivar-specificities of berry metabolism and its regulation. Enhanced stress related metabolism, e.g. trehalose, stilbene and ABA in Shiraz berry-skin corroborate its relatively higher susceptibility to environmental cue
First in the Nation in Education : Final Report,1984.
No full textThis report is one step in an ongoing process of change and is a plea for commitment for high standards in education in Iowa. Contains the final reports of the six subcommittees as adopted by the Excellence in Education Task Force, and the five recommendations made by the Task Force
The "New Ghan" : an analysis of consumption and compartmentalism
No full textThis thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author.
Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to
make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field
A rapid dehydration leaf assay reveals stomatal response differences in grapevine genotypes
No full textHome Food Environment and Dietary Intake: A 12-Week Intervention Randomized Control Trial in South Phoenix Adults
No full textabstract: Although many studies have looked into the relationship between home food availability and dietary intake, few have assessed actual change in the home food environment as a result of an intervention program. This secondary data analysis of the Athletes for Life 3 (AFL3) program investigated the efficacy of a randomized controlled 12-week community-based, family-focused exercise and dietary behavior intervention program in improving the home food environment of families with children between the ages of 6 and 11 years old. A total of twenty-six adults from Phoenix, Arizona allowed research staff into their homes to assess variety of food availability, using a modified version of the Home Food Inventory and were randomized to either the AFL3 program or wait-list control group. The main outcomes of interest were change in availability of vegetables, fruits, sugar-sweetened beverages and desserts and WIC-approved breakfast cereal. There was a significant increase in the number of vegetable items (3.88 ± 0.85; p=0.006) and WIC-approved cereal items (1.16 ± 0.31; p=0.003) in the homes of the intervention participants, relative to the wait-list control group. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in the number of sugar-sweetened beverage items (1.18 ± 0.31; p=0.014) available in wait-list control participant homes. There were no other significant findings related to home food availability. Furthermore, dietary intake among adult participants did not significantly change as a result of change in home availability. In conclusion, the AFL3 intervention program was successful in eliciting small but significant changes at a household level related to vegetable and WIC-approved breakfast cereal availability.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Nutrition 201
Transcriptomic network analyses of leaf dehydration responses identify highly connected ABA and ethylene signaling hubs in three grapevine species differing in drought tolerance
No full textSummary table of WGCNA modules including top hub genes and gene ontologies. (XLSX 50Â kb
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