42 research outputs found
Honeybee biodiversity based on five mitochondrial genes and new evidence for different sublineages in Türkiye
No full textIn this study, the genetic structure of honey bee populations in T & uuml;rkiye was analyzed using eleven restriction endonuclease enzymes targeting the COI-COII, COI, 16S rDNA, ND5 and CYT B genes. A total of 553 worker honey bee samples were collected from 43 different districts across T & uuml;rkiye, as well as from Greece, Bulgaria, and Georgia countries neighboring T & uuml;rkiye. Analysis of the COI region using the Hin fI restriction enzyme revealed the presence of two mitotypes. Type 1 was the predominant type in T & uuml;rkiye, while type 2 was detected exclusively in Hatay, a province in the southern part of the country. Notably, the absence of the HincII site in the COI region and the EcoRI site in the 16S rDNA gene in the Hatay samples suggests that these samples belong to the A lineage. However, several samples from Hatay were classified as belonging to mitochondrial lineage O due to the presence of BglII and Hin fI restriction sites in the CYT B gene. Except for Hatay, which displayed an EcoRI site in the 16S rDNA fragment and lacked a Hin fI site in the CYT B fragment, all samples were identified as belonging to the C lineage. Furthermore, the COI-COII restriction patterns with DraI for lineages C and Z were consistent with the findings. The restriction analysis revealed that several samples from Hatay exhibited the most divergent mitotype in comparison with other honey bee populations studied, resembling African or Arabian honey bees. The results of this study indicate that Anatolia serves as a genetic center for Middle Eastern honey bees, and Hatay acts as a transitional zone. However, the findings also suggest that the introduction of foreign commercial queen bees into T & uuml;rkiye has led to some degree of hybridization between native and nonnative honey bee subspecies.Dzce University Scientific Research Project Fund (DUBAP Project) [2017.05.01.531]Russian Science Foundation (RSF) [24-16-00179]This work was supported by Duezce University Scientific Research Project Fund (DUBAP Project No: 2017.05.01.531) and Russian Science Foundation (RSF) grant 24-16-00179
Balın çok yönlü biyoaktivitesi: Arılar, bitkiler ve mikroorganizmalar arasındaki etkileşimler
No full textBal, antibakteriyel, anti-enflamatuar ve antioksidan aktiviteler gibi iyi belgelenmiş faydaları ile yüzyıllardır tıbbi özellikleriyle tanınmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, balın sağlıkla ilgili amaçlarla yaygın kullanımına rağmen, biyoaktivitesinden sorumlu olan altta yatan mekanizmaların çoğu yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu derleme, özellikle aktif maddelere ve bal mikrobiyomunun özelliklerine katkısına odaklanarak balın bileşiminin karmaşıklığını incelemektedir. Balın çok yönlü biyoaktivitesinin arılar, bitkiler ve mikroorganizmalar arasındaki etkileşimlerden nasıl kaynaklandığını anlamadaki boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlıyoruz. Bu derleme, balın sağlığa faydalarında hayati rol oynayan hidrojen peroksit, metilglioksal, polifenoller ve antimikrobiyal peptitler gibi temel bileşiklere ışık tutmaktadır. Ayrıca, nektarın bala kimyasal dönüşümünü birlikte etkileyen ve terapötik etkinliğini artıran bal arısının bağırsak mikrobiyomunun ve nektarın mikrobiyotasının genellikle göz ardı edilen katkılarını vurgulamaktadır. Bu makale, mevcut literatürü inceleyerek, çiçek kökeni, arı alt türleri ve çevresel koşullar gibi çeşitli faktörlerin balın tıbbi kalitesini nasıl etkilediğinin daha derinlemesine araştırılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Bu mekanizmaların anlaşılması, balın tıbbi uygulamalarda en uygun şekilde kullanılmasını sağlayabilir ve yeni terapötik potansiyelleri ortaya çıkarabilir. Bu makale, balı sadece besleyici bir gıda kaynağı değil aynı zamanda güçlü bir doğal ilaç yapan karmaşık süreçler ve bileşenler hakkında kapsamlı bir inceleme sunmaktadır.Honey has been recognized for its medicinal properties for centuries, with well-documented benefits such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, despite the widespread use of honey for health-related purposes, many of the underlying mechanisms responsible for its bioactivity remain underexplored. This review delves into the complexity of honey’s composition, particularly focusing on the active substances and the honey microbiota contribution to its properties. We aim to bridge the gap in understanding how honey’s multifaceted bioactivity arises from interactions between bees, plants, and microorganisms. The review sheds light on the key compounds, including hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, polyphenols, and antimicrobial peptides, which play vital roles in honey's health benefits. It also highlights the often-overlooked contributions of the honeybee’s gut microbiota and the nectar’s microbiota, which together influence the chemical transformation of nectar into honey and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. By examining the current literature, this article emphasizes the need for deeper investigation into how various factors-such as floral origin, bee subspecies, and environmental conditions-affect the medicinal quality of honey. Understanding these mechanisms could lead to optimized use of honey in medical applications and reveal new therapeutic potentials. This article provides a comprehensive review of the intricate processes and components that make honey not only a nutritional food source but also a potent natural medicine.Russian Science Foundation (RSF) 24-16-0017
Modern methods of assessing the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee colonies
No full textAt least 30 subspecies of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. were formed allopatrically during the evolution, which spreaded throughout all Africa, Europe and West Asia. The dark forest bee Apis mellifera mellifera is the only and most valuable subspecies for the Northern and Western Europe countries, adapted to productive living in the hard-continental climate of Eurasia. In the past 100 years, natural geographical isolation of subspecies has been disrupted as a result of a human activities. Mass transportations of honeybee colonies beyond the boundaries of their area have been threatened of loss the identity of gene pool of subspecies as a result of hybridization. Preservation of the gene pool of subspecies is possible only when controlling the transportation of honeybee colonies using the methods of identification of taxonomic affiliation of honeybee colonies. Now, dozens of methods have been developed to identify the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee's colony, which are based on the variability of body parts, allozyme loci, mitochondrial DNA loci, microsatellite nuclear loci, sites of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The variability of microsatellite loci and the single nucleotide polymorphism sites have shown the greatest informativeness in identification of the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee's colony.</jats:p
Effect of S-phase precipitates on deformation nanostructuring and hardening of 2xxx aluminum alloy
No full textPhylogenetic Uniqueness of Honeybee Apis Cerana from the Korean Peninsula Inferred from The Mitochondrial, Nuclear, and Morphological Data
No full textApis cerana is an Eastern honeybee species distributed throughout Asia and closely related to the Western honeybee species Apis mellifera distributed across all of Africa, Europe and Western Asia, and subdivided into thirty confirmed subspecies. Currently, A. cerana is an endangered bee species in contrast to A. mellifera. We sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of A. cerana from the Jeollanam-do province of South Korea and uploaded to the DDBJ/Genbank database(AP018431). MtDNA sequence is 15.925 bp long, has 84% AT-content and 16% GC-content and contains 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, one AT-rich region and four non-coding intergenic regions (NC1-4). All protein-coding genes are started by ATT and ATG codons, except the genes ATP8 and ND4, which started by ATC and ATA, respectively, and are stopped by the common codons TAA and TAG. A comparative analysis of the whole mtDNA sequences of A. cerana from Korea and Taiwan, A. c. cerana from China and A. c. japonica from Japan showed that the genetic divergence of the Korean A. cerana sample from subspecies A. c. cerana (2.57%) and A. c. japonica (2.58%) matched to the level of genetic divergence of mtDNA between animal subspecies (0.8-8%). Based on the comparative analysis of complete mtDNA (~16,000 bp), two nuclear gene VG and EF1- α sequences (~8,000 bp) and morphological measurements (six parameters), we assumed that Korean A. cerana, Chinese A. c. cerana and Japanese A. c. japonica are different subspecies at an early stage of sub-speciation and could be called further as subspecies of Apis cerana koreana
Approaches and Methods of Optimazing Long-Term Strategy of Pulling Projects of Nuclear Legacy out of Operation
No full textThe article studies a new approach to shaping possible variants of long-term strategies of pulling projects of nuclear legacy out of operation, which is based on optimization with criteria on min costs and restrictions on resources, radioactive risks and duration of the implementation period. The author put forward different variants of criteria and restrictions of strategy of pulling projects of nuclear legacy out of operation. Methods of resolving the task of optimization were studied that are based on principles of dynamic programming and an example of getting a solution was demonstrated. Benefits and drawbacks of the approach were discussed in comparison with accepted in global and Russian practice methods of prioritization of the procedure of pulling projects out of operation. The article analyzed prospects of using the proposed approach for the development of long-term road map aimed at settling problems of nuclear legacy in the Russian Federation
Akarisit Amitraz ve Fluvalinat'ın Bal Arısı Apis mellifera'nın Üreme ve Verimliliğine Etkisi
No full textVarroa destructor is a well-known ectoparasite of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Amitraz and fluvalinate are highly effective miticides used against V. destructor infestation in colonies of honey bee A. mellifera. Though honey bees more resistant to miticides, there are side effects of these chemicals on the reproduction, olfaction, and honey production of honey bees. We showed a negative impact of miticides amitraz and fluvalinate on honey production and reproduction of honey bee colonies. Also, we assumed the reduction of olfaction of honey bees by fluvalinate due to changes of expression of olfactory related neuropeptide genes short neuropeptide F sNPF, tachykinin TK, short neuropeptide F receptor sNPFR. The external treatment of honey bee colonies by miticides amitraz and fluvalinate along with a positive effect of pest control harms reproductivity, honey productivity, and, probably, can reduce learning and memory, gustation and olfaction of honey bees. When used for a short time and with care, miticides can be less harmful to honey bees. Breeding varroa-resistant honey bees allow to reduce the use of miticides and produce organic honey. Therefore, the further development of beekeeping should be in the direction of selection for disease and Varroa resistance and adaptation to the environment.Varroa, bal arısı Apis mellifera'nın iyi bilinen bir ektoparazitidir. Amitraz ve fluvalinat, bal arısı A. mellifera kolonilerinde V. destructor istilasına karşı kullanılan oldukça yüksek etkili akarisitlerdir. Bal arıları, akarisitlere karşı daha dirençli olsalar da, bu kimyasalların bal arılarının üreme, koku alma ve bal üretimi üzerinde yan etkileri vardır. Bu çalışma ile Akarisitler olan amitraz ve fluvalinatın bal üretimi ve bal arısı kolonilerinin üremesi üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bal arılarının Fluvalinat’a bağlı olarak koku alma duyusunun azalması durumunu ilgili nöropeptid genlerinin kısa nöropeptid F sNPF, taşikinin TK, kısa nöropeptid F reseptörü sNPFR ifadesindeki değişiklik olduğunu varsaydık. Bal arısı kolonilerinin akarisitler olan amitraz ve fluvalinate ile kontrol edilmesi, haşere kontrolünün olumlu etkisiyle birlikte üremeye, bal verimliliğine zarar verir ve muhtemelen bal arılarının öğrenmesini ve hafızasını, lezzetini ve kokusunu muhtemelen azaltabilir. Kısa bir süre ve özenle kullanıldığında, akarisit kullanımı bal arılarına daha az zarar verebilir. Varroaya dirençli bal arılarının yetiştirilmesi, akarisit kullanımını azaltmaya ve organik bal üretmeye izin verir. Bu nedenle, arıcılığın daha da geliştirilmesi için seçim; hastalıklara, Varroa’ya dirençli ve çevreye uyum yönünde olmalıdır
The Phasor Diagram of a Superconducting Synchronous Electrical Machine
No full textThis paper describes a universal method proposed by the author for the evaluative analytical calculation of the main parameters of synchronous electrical machines, including superconducting ones. Traditional methods for analytical calculation of parameters to build a phasor diagram of electrical machines require a calculation of all dimensions of the active zone, tooth-slot zone and frontal parts of armature windings. All sizes and local states of magnetic circuit saturation are necessary for the calculation of magnetic conductivities. Traditional analytical methods use, among other things, empirical formulas and non-physical coefficients and allow one to calculate only standard machines with classic tooth-slot zones and armature winding types. As a result of drawing a phasor diagram using traditional methods, the angle between the electromotive force and voltage is calculated, which is the machine’s internal parameter and has no major significance for users. The application of modern computer programs for simulation requires a preliminary analytical calculation in order to obtain all dimensions of the three-dimensional model. FEM simulation programs are expensive, require expensive high-performance computers and highly paid skilled personnel. Fast analytical techniques are also required to assess the correctness of the obtained automatic computer simulation results. The proposed analytical method makes it possible to quickly obtain all the main parameters of a newly designed machine (including superconducting ones and those of non-traditional design) without a detailed calculation of the dimensions of the tooth-slot zone and armature end-windings. The characteristic values of load angles are set according to the results of simple calculations, and the desired values, obtained via plotting, represent the inductive resistances of armature winding and inductive voltage drop across it. Results of practical significance, calculated from the voltage diagram, are as follows: the inductor’s magnetomotive force necessary to maintain the nominal load voltage value, regardless of the magnitude (including double overload) and type of the connected load, or the main dimensions of the active zone
Comparative Study of Olfactory Learning and Memory in Apis cerana and Apis mellifera Foragers
No full textDetermining the aerodynamic characteristics of the colorado potato beetle collection device
No full textIn this paper we examined the rotor aerodynamic characteristics of some devices for collection of the Colorado potato beetle and its larvae, consisting of a casing in the form of an oval, separated at the top, and a device, through which the casing arranged inside the airflow. The executed theoretical studies devoted to determining the necessary speed-fall of larvae and beetles, computer modeling of air flow inside the device to identify a rational form of housing and assess the impact of the presence of bushes on the velocity field. According to studies the authors prepared a formula and fall velocity values, depending on the orientation and size of insects in space. It was established that the rate of upflow of υ&#62; 35 m/s provides puffing as adults and larvae, irrespective of their orientation in the housing. In the simulation of air flow within the enclosure, the system of hydrodynamic equations were solved by finite element method using the members of the software packages Salome and OpenFoam of freeware CAE-Linux distribution. It was established that the first in the center upward flow with the velocity of 35m/s is implemented, that blows bush. After that, the flow “leaves” to the right, because the bush creates a drag not symmetrical about a vertical plane, passing through the horizontal axis of the housing. Further in the device a stable motion flow counterclockwise was formed. The obtained results allow to further substantiate the rational form of housing and basic structural and technological parameters of rotor device for collecting the Colorado potato beetle and its larvae.
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