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Kaip medžiaga medžiagą mėgdžiojo: istorinio dekoratyvinio popieriaus tyrinėjimai
Get PDFCrossing the boundaries of any one discipline, the article provides an overview of research into historical decorated paper conducted by the author over the last several years. Examples of this seemingly very specific, ephemeral material, considered as an imitation of other materials, applied in bindings of printed books and manuscripts during the 18th and 19th centuries, are presented as anonymous artifacts of the past, strikingly characterised by their own materiality and thus involving also the researcher’s senses. Besides a historical overview of the main techniques of paper decoration in Europe, the place of this applied decorative element in the three-dimensional structure of the handmade book is also explored. The second part of the paper addresses the relevant problem of ornament as a plastic discourse, which has so far received less attention in semiotic research. Through a closer analysis of a several samples of decorated paper, questions about the semantic structure of the ornament and its effects are raised. Finally, when placed in the context of certain habits, needs and interests of eighteenth-century European society, decorated paper and its ornamental language emerge as a multilayered object with a culturally defined meaning.Straipsnyje, peržengiant kurios nors vienos humanitarinių mokslų disciplinos rėmus, įvairiais aspektais apžvelgiami kelerius metus trunkantys autorės istorinio dekoratyvinio popieriaus tyrinėjimai. Į šio iš pažiūros itin specifinio, efemeriško ir dažniausiai kitas medžiagas imituojančio popieriaus pavyzdžius, pritaikytus XVIII–XIX a. spausdintų ir rankraštinių knygų įrišuose, siūloma žvelgti kaip į anoniminius praeities dirbinius, kuriuos ryškiausiai apibūdina jų medžiagiškumas, į tyrimą įtraukiantis ir paties tyrinėtojo jusles. Greta istorinės pagrindinių popieriaus dekoravimo technikų Europoje apžvalgos, analizuojama šio taikomąją funkciją atliekančio dekoratyvaus elemento vieta trimatėje knygos struktūroje. Antroje straipsnio dalyje prisiliečiama prie aktualios, bet iki šiol semiotiniuose tyrimuose mažiau dėmesio sulaukusios plastinio ornamento diskurso problemos. Atidžiau analizuojant keletą konkrečių dekoratyvinio popieriaus ornamentavimo pavyzdžių, keliami įvairūs reikšminės ornamento sąrangos ir jos poveikio klausimai. Galiausiai, įterptas į tam tikrų XVIII a. Europos visuomenės įpročių, poreikių ir pomėgių kontekstą, dekoratyvinis popierius ir jo ornamentinė kalba išsiskleidžia kaip įvairiasluoksnis, kultūriškai apibrėžtą reikšmę turintis dirbinys
Elegant and practical: bindings of books printed in the middle of 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries in Italy and the Polish–Lithuanian commonwealth in the Library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy.
No full textIn the early modern period, the relentless growth in the copies of printed books and the increasing competition between craftsmen meant that, since the invention of Gutenberg until the 19th century, European bookbinders were forced to look for cheaper and quicker binding techniques. Based on this assumption, the article focuses on some of the bindings of books printed from the middle of the 16th until the middle of the 17th century which belonged to the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. This study is part of a broader research on the bindings of the Vilnius Jesuit Academy Library, and the article is limited to two groups of sources: books printed in Italy and books printed in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). The historical bindings are discussed by following the approach targeting the field of decorative arts and material culture studies, which is also well known as the ‘archaeology’ of the book or the bookbinding. It focuses not only on the decorative features of the cover of the book, but also on the structural features of the bindings which reveal comprehensively the work of the craftsmen of the past. This method of analysis is particularly useful for discussing not only decorated but also undecorated bindings which have so far received very limited attention in the research of the old Lithuanian book. As a result, the research revealed that the modest parchment bindings form nearly a half of all the examined bindings of the collection, and confirm the practical rather than the representational aspect of the Jesuit Library. According to the complexity of the technical execution and the number of operations involved in the process of binding, five binding techniques have been distinguished, ranging from the most complex to the simplest bindings, closely related with a retail bindings. What is more, a consistent number of parchment bindings are denoted by structural features, which is close to the Italian bookbinding tradition. The predominance of the latter in the group of Italian prints makes it possible to consider the possibility of already bound books entering the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. Moreover, the research has revealed certain binding features linked to the bookbinding traditions in Italy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Fifty years of document conservation: archival material of the restoration department of the Vilnius University library.
No full textŠvenčiant Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Restauravimo skyriaus penkiasdešimties metų sukaktį, šia proga siūloma kritiškai pažvelgti į Restauravimo skyriaus archyvą. Straipsnyje pristatomi šio archyvo, aprėpiančio 1968–2017 m., tvarkymo darbai. Be to, siūloma susipažinti su jame sukauptų Restauravimo skyriuje atliktų restauravimo darbų dokumentacijomis, jų struktūros raida, turiniu ir taikytų restauravimo metodikų tendencijomis. Atsižvelgus į istorinį kontekstą, pateikiami pirmieji šių tendencijų vertinimo bandymai ir galimos hipotezės. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Dokumentų restauravimas; Restauravimo istorija; Restauravimo metodika; Vilniaus universiteto biblioteka; Sovietmetis; Paveldosauga; Document conservation; History of restoration; Methods of conservation; Vilnius University Library; Soviet period; Heritage preservationIn 1968, the first conservation workshop for library materials in Lithuania was established at the Vilnius University Library. This conservation department together with the Graphic Arts Section of the Restoration Centre of the Lithuanian Art Museum that had been founded earlier became the cornerstone of the Lithuanian school of document conservation. The history of the Restoration Department of the Vilnius University Library encourages us not only to celebrate the long-time experience of conservation, but also to apply a critical view. In Lithuania, especially in the environment of social sciences and the humanities, there has been a notable absence of scientific discourse on document conservation and preservation, thus the study of such experience seems relevant and so far unprecedented. The article aims to present the archive of condition and treatment reports covering the period between 1968 and 2017, and to discuss some cases of conservation works carried out over the fifty years. Another aim is to reveal the demand and potential of such types of archives and their research. The issues of conservation of books and paper in Lithuania and the features of heritage protection in the Soviet period are also discussed, delineating the context in which the means of documentation, decision-making related to restoration, and the methods of treatment should be evaluated and interpreted. The article presents the main tendencies found in the condition and treatment reports: the structure of written documentation and the visible priorities in providing information. The general features of conservation methodologies are discussed according to the criteria presented in the ICO-MOS Charter of Venice of 1964
Puošnu ir praktiška: XVI a. viduryje – XVII a. pirmojoje pusėje Italijoje ir Abiejų Tautų Respublikoje spausdintų knygų įrišai Vilniaus jėzuitų akademijos bibliotekoje
Get PDFIn the early modern period, the relentless growth in the copies of printed books and the increasing competition between craftsmen meant that, since the invention of Gutenberg until the 19th century, European bookbinders were forced to look for cheaper and quicker binding techniques. Based on this assumption, the article focuses on some of the bindings of books printed from the middle of the 16th until the middle of the 17th century which belonged to the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. This study is part of a broader research on the bindings of the Vilnius Jesuit Academy Library, and the article is limited to two groups of sources: books printed in Italy and books printed in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). The historical bindings are discussed by following the approach targeting the field of decorative arts and material culture studies, which is also well known as the ‘archaeology’ of the book or the bookbinding. It focuses not only on the decorative features of the cover of the book, but also on the structural features of the bindings which reveal comprehensively the work of the craftsmen of the past. This method of analysis is particularly useful for discussing not only decorated but also undecorated bindings which have so far received very limited attention in the research of the old Lithuanian book. As a result, the research revealed that the modest parchment bindings form nearly a half of all the examined bindings of the collection, and confirm the practical rather than the representational aspect of the Jesuit Library. According to the complexity of the technical execution and the number of operations involved in the process of binding, five binding techniques have been distinguished, ranging from the most complex to the simplest bindings, closely related with a retail bindings. What is more, a consistent number of parchment bindings are denoted by structural features, which is close to the Italian bookbinding tradition. The predominance of the latter in the group of Italian prints makes it possible to consider the possibility of already bound books entering the library of Vilnius Jesuit Academy. Moreover, the research has revealed certain binding features linked to the bookbinding traditions in Italy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ankstyvaisiais naujaisiais laikais nepaliaujamai augęs spausdintų knygų egzempliorių skaičius ir didėjanti amatininkų tarpusavio konkurencija lėmė, jog nuo Gutenbergo išradimo iki pat XIX a. Europos knygrišiai buvo priversti ieškoti pigesnių ir greitesnių įrišimo technikų. Remiantis šia prielaida, straipsnyje aptariama dalis Vilniaus jėzuitų akademijos bibliotekai priklausiusių XVI a. antrojoje pusėje – XVII a. viduryje spausdintų knygų įrišų. Šis tyrimas yra platesnio Vilniaus jėzuitų akademijos bibliotekos knygų įrišų tyrimo dalis, o straipsnyje apsiribota dviem šiai bibliotekai priklausiusių spaudinių grupėmis: Italijos bei Lenkijos Karalystės ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės teritorijose spausdintomis knygomis. Istoriniams įrišams aptarti pasitelkta taikomosios dailės ir materialiosios kultūros tyrimų sričiai artima prieiga, literatūroje taip pat žinoma kaip knygos ar knygų įrišų „archeologija“, pagrindinį dėmesį skiriant ne tik knygų įrišų viršelio dekoro bruožams, bet ir jų struktūrinėms savybėms, visapusiškiau atskleidžiančioms praeities amatininkų darbo pobūdį. Toks analizės būdas ypač parankus aptariant ne tik puošnius, bet ir visai nedekoruotus knygrišių dirbinius, iki šiol Lietuvos senosios knygos tyrimuose sulaukusius labai mažai dėmesio. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad kuklesni pergamentiniai įrišai sudaro beveik pusę visų nagrinėtų Vilniaus akademijos bibliotekos įrišų ir kol kas patvirtina labiau praktinį nei reprezentacinį jėzuitų bibliotekos aspektą. Pagal techninio atlikimo sudėtingumą ir įrišimui pasitelktų operacijų skaičių išskirtos penkios įrišimo technikos, aprėpiančios spektrą nuo sudėtingiausių iki paprasčiausių įrišų, glaudžiai sietinų su prekybinio formato įrišais. Be to, nemažai pergamentinių įrišų pasižymi struktūriniais bruožais, artimais itališkai knygrišystės tradicijai. Pastarųjų dominavimas Italijos spaudinių grupėje leidžia pagrįstai svarstyti apie jau įrištų knygų patekimo į Vilniaus jėzuitų akademijos biblioteką galimybę ir iš naujo permąstyti kai kurių knygų spausdinimo bei įrišimo vietų santykį. Tyrimo metu taip pat išryškėjo tam tikri įrišų bruožai, sietini su Italijos ir Abiejų Tautų Respublikos knygrišystės tradicijomis
Body and the outfit of the book: the enigmatic case of the binding of Stanisław Sabinka's book in the context of European bookbinding of the second half of the sixteenth century
Get PDF1566 m. Bazelyje išleistas Francesco Guicciardinio veikalas, priklausęs Stanislovui Sabinui ir Mikalojui Dicijui, 1617 m. pateko į Vilniaus jėzuitų akademijos biblioteką. Edmundas Laucevičius puošnų, auksuotą ir spalvintą šios XVI a. antros pusės knygos įrišą priskyrė Vilniaus spaustuvininkui ir knygrišiui Jokūbui Morkūnui. Visgi, pasigilinus į turimą medžiagą, dirbinio autorystė dar kelia nemažai klausimų. Nuo XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio Vakarų Europoje pagyvėję knygrišystės tyrinėjimai leidžia knygų įrišus aptarti ne tik puošybos, vadinamojo „knygos kostiumo“, aspektais, bet ir didesnį dėmesį skirti pačiai knygos konstrukcijai. Straipsnyje Sabino knygos įrišas aptariamas remiantis iki šiol sukauptais duomenimis apie Europos knygrišystės istoriją. Tokiu būdu atsiveria keli istoriniai įrišo sluoksniai, įterpiantys dirbinį į platesnį to meto kontekstą, leidžiantys patikslinti technologinius jo atlikimo aspektus ir pasiūlyti naujų hipotezių apie įrišo sukūrimo aplinkybes. Reikšminiai žodžiai: knygrišystė, amato istorija, Jokūbas Morkūnas, Stanislovas Sabinas, Francesco Guicciardini, manierizmas.The owners of the Latin translation of Francesco Guicciardini’s work Storia d’Italia published in Basel in 1566 were Stanisław Sabinka (?–1588?) and Nicolai Decius (1586–1629), important figures of the Vilnius political and religious elite of the second half of the sixteenth century. Until today, the elaborate binding of this book, quite untypical of the collections of rare books in Lithuanian libraries, has been attributed to the printer and bookbinder Jokūbas Morkūnas (c. 1550–1611) from Vilnius. However, other books related to his activity in Vilnius do not have enough similarities with the binding technique of Sabinka’s book and, thus, this attribution raises a number of questions. Instead of trying to establish the bookbinder’s identity, this article above all aims to define more precisely the technical features of binding through a detailed observation and focus on the material aspects of the artifact itself. A significant increase of research into the technical art history, material culture and so-called “book archaeology” in the recent decades provides a methodology that enables us not only to discuss the binding in the terms of decoration, but also to pay more attention to the structure itself. The collected technical data about Sabinka’s book and placing it into the wider context of European bookbinding of the second half of the sixteenth century allows us to reveal several historical layers of this binding and to raise a new hypothesis about the circumstances of its production. On the one hand, the binding represents an intention to follow the style of famous sixteenth-century noble bibliophilic libraries. On the other, the technical execution of the binding has features characteristic of the search for cost-effective binding solutions in Europe in the period after the invention of printing. Judging from the structural features, the binding seems to have similarities with Northern and Central European bookbinding traditions with a stronger influence of German crafts. Keywords: bookbinding, history of craft, Jokūbas Morkūnas, Stanisław Sabinka, Francesco Guicciardini, Mannerism
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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