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Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dahili Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde Antibiyotik Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi
No full textRUSTAMOV Şamil. Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in Medical Intensive Care Units, Department of Internal Medicine, Dissertation Thesis, ANKARA, 2018.
Infections are common in intensive care units (ICUs) with increased risk of mortality and risk of infection increases as duration of hospitalization increases. In addition to this, emergence of pathogens resistant to antimicrobials before or during the course of intensive care unit stay further increases mortality risk. This situation complicates and even precludes infection treatment. One of the most significant causes of antibiotic resistance is unnecessary, inappropriate, prolonged and excessive use of antibiotics. Primary objective of our study is to evaluate the frequency of the antibiotic use, sufficiency of diagnostic cultures, appropriate use of empirical antibiotic treatment and antibiotic management in critically-ill patients prior to ICU admission and during the ICU course. The secondary objective is to evaluate the effect of antibiotic use and management on mortality. Our study was prospectively conducted in Hacettepe University Adult Hospital and Oncology Hospitals between the dates 01.09.2016 and 31.01.2017 by including all patients older than the age of 18 who were hospitalized in the 23-bed medical ICUs localized in 3 different physical areas. Of the patients, 70 were female (55.1%) and 57 were male (44.9%). Mean age (±SD) of the patients was 65.2±19.0 years. Of the patients, median APACHE II score was 21 (min-max:0-70), median ECOG score was 3 (min-max:0-4) and median SOFA score was 4 (min-max: 0-18). Of the 127 patients, 93 (73.2%) were screened for infection before hospitalization in the ICU. In ninety patients (70.9%) antibiotic treatment was initiated. In 74.2% of 93 patients, cultures were determined to be insufficient. When compared according to the antibiogram results, 31.2% of the initiated empirical antibiotic treatments were determined to be inappropriate. It was demonstrated that after hospitalization in ICU, antibiotic spectrum was narrowed in 2.2%, the spectrum was broadened in 21.2% and it remained the same in others. It was revealed that in the period before hospitalization in ICU, median duration of antibiotic use was 1 day but the total duration may reach up to 38 days. A reduction in the rate of antibiotic use was determined during the follow-up in the ICU (Day 1 85.8%, Day 4 82.2%, 1-4 weeks 76.1%; p<0.001). The rate of detection of an MDR (multi-drug resistant) pathogen was determined to be 3.4% and of an XDR (extensively drug resistant) pathogen was determined to be 9.2% in patients who received antibiotics on the first day of hospitalization in the ICU. The presence of an infection, antibiotic use before hospitalization in the ICU and broadening of the antibiotic spectrum on the first day of hospitalization in the ICU influence mortality in bivariate analyses. In multivariate analyses only APACHE II (HR 1.97 [95% confidence interval 1.06-3.66]) and SOFA (HR 1.12 [95% confidence interval 1.01-1.25]) scores were determined to influence the mortality. In conclusion, demonstration of the facts that frequency and duration of antibiotic use before hospitalization in the ICU were extremely high, cultures were insufficient and frequency of initiation of an inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was high highlight the need for establishing policies for infection and antibiotic management.RUSTAMOV Şamil. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dahili Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde Antibiyotik Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi, İç Hastalıkları Uzmanlık Tezi, ANKARA, 2018.
Yoğun bakım ünitelerinde (YBÜ) enfeksiyonların daha fazla görüldüğü, yatış süresine bağlı olarak enfeksiyon riskinin arttığı ve mortaliteye neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte yoğun bakım öncesi ya da yoğun bakım sürecinde antimikrobiyal dirençli patojenlerin ortaya çıkması mortalite riskini daha fazla arttırmaktadır. Bu durum enfeksiyonların tedavisini zorlaştırmakta ve hatta bazen imkansız hale getirmektedir. Antibiyotik direncinin en önemli nedenlerinden biri gereksiz, uygun olmayan, uzun süreli ve fazla miktarda antibiyotik kullanımıdır. Çalışmamızın birincil amacı YBÜ’de yatan hastalarda YBÜ öncesi ve YBÜ yatış süresince antibiyotik kullanım sıklığını, tanısal kültürlerin yeterliliğini, ampirik antibiyotik tedavisinin uygunluğunu ve antibiyotik yönetimini değerlendirmektir. İkincil amaç ise antibiyotik kullanımı ve yönetiminin mortaliteye etkisini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmamız prospektif olarak 01.09.2016-31.01.2017 tarihleri arasında Hacettepe Üniversitesi Erişkin Hastanesi ve Onkoloji Hastanelerinde toplam 3 farklı fiziksel alanda yer alan 23 yataklı dahili YBÜ’lerde yatan tüm 18 yaş üstü hastalar dahil edilerek yapılmıştır. Toplam 127 hasta çalışmaya alınmıştır. Hastaların 70’i kadın (%55,1) ve 57’si erkek (%44,9) idi. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 65,2±19,0 (±SS) yıldı. Hastaların ortanca APACHE II skoru 21 (min-maks:0-70),ortanca ECOG skoru 3 (min-maks:0-4) ve ortanca SOFA skoru 4 (min-maks: 0-18) idi. Yüz yirmiyedi hastanın 93’ünde (%73,2) YBÜ öncesi dönemde enfeksiyon taraması yapılmıştır. Doksan hastada (%70,9) antibiyotik tedavi başlanmıştır. Doksan üç hastanın %74,2’sinde kültür taramalarının yetersiz olduğu saptanmıştır. Kültür ve antibiyogram sonuçlarına göre karşılaştırıldığında başlanılan ampirik antibiyotik tedavisinin %31,2 oranında uygun olmadığı gösterilmiştir. Yoğun bakıma yatış sonrası %2,2 oranında antibiyotik spektrumun daraltıldığı, %21,1 oranında spektrumun genişletildiği, diğerlerinde ise aynı kaldığı gösterilmiştir. YBÜ öncesi dönemde antibiyotik kullanma süresi ortanca değeri 1 gün olmakla birlikte, toplam sürenin 38 günü bulabildiği gösterilmiştir. YBÜ izlemi boyunca antibiyotik kullanım oranında azalma saptanmıştır (1. Gün %85,8, 4. Gün %82,2, 1-4. Hafta %76,1; p<0,001). YBÜ’ye yatışın 1. gününde antibiyotik kullanan hastalarda MDR (çok ilaç dirençli) patojen saptanma oranı %3,4, XDR (yaygın ilaç dirençli) patojen saptanma oranı %9,2 bulunmuştur. İki değişkenli analizlerde enfeksiyon varlığı, YBÜ öncesi antibiyotik kullanımı, YBÜ yatışının 1. Günü antibiyotik spektrumunun genişletilmesi mortaliteyi etkilerken, çok değişkenli analizlerde sadece APACHE II (HR 1,97 [%95 güven aralığı 1,06-3,66]) ve SOFA (HR 1,12 [%95 güven aralığı 1,01-1,25]) skorunun mortaliteyi etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak YBÜ yatışı öncesi antibiyotik kullanım sıklığının ve süresinin oldukça yüksek, yapılan kültür taramalarının yetersiz, uygun olmayan ampirik tedavi başlama sıklığının yüksek olduğunun gösterilmesi, enfeksiyon ve antibiyotik yönetimi politikalarının oluşturulması gerektiğini göstermektedir
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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