280 research outputs found
Yet another review of marine reserves as reef fishery management tools
No full text[Extract] The term "marine reserves" is defined in this chapter
to simply mean "no-fishing" areas in the marine environment, that is, areas permanently closed to fishing. The goal in this chapter is to review some of the major issues of marine reserves as reef fisheries management tools. Other benefits of marine reserves, including maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem structure and enhanced tourism, have been reviewed many times elsewhere (Table 1). Marine reserves are not being advocated here as the only, or even the optimum, method of reef fisheries management. In fact, it is vital to stress
from the outset that other forms of fisheries and habitat
management should be encouraged and attempted in areas open to fishing. In addition, in many developing nations, managing fisheries on coral reefs requires that the number of fishers be reduced considerably (Munro and Williams, 1985; Russ, 1991; Munro, 1996). Without such measures as finding alternative livelihoods for fishers and reducing rates of human population growth, most attempts at managing reef fisheries will probably be futile in many developing nations.
In the past decade the topic of marine reserves as potential fisheries management tools has produced a burgeoning literature (Tables 1 and 2). There are at least two major reasons for this. First, scientists working in developing nations and/or on the management of coral reef fisheries (e.g., A. C. Alcala, J. A. Bohnsack, G. E. Davis, T. R. McClanahan, N. V. C. Polunin, and C. M. Roberts) have realized that there are probably few other viable management alternatives. In such situations it is almost socially immoral to try to impose fishing effort or catch restrictions on subsistence and artisanal fishers. You cannot tell a fisher in a developing nation ttlat they must throw a fish back into the ocean because it is too small, or that they must catch only four fish per day when they have eight family members to feed. Second, traditional fisheries management (effort, catch controls) has generally failed to prevent massive overfishing globally. The dismal state of
most of 20 stocks of cod in the North Atlantic, exploited by the highly developed nations of Canada, the United States, and Europe, are good examples of this (Myers et al., 1996). Marine reserves are now seen as an insurance policy against such management failures, something Jim Bohnsack was advocating for reef fisheries a decade ago [Plan Development Team (PDT),
1990]
Anchoring effects in the development of false childhood memories
No full textWhen people receive descriptions or doctored photos of events that never happened, they often come to remember those events. But if people receive both a description and a doctored photo, does the order in which they receive the information matter? We asked people to consider a description and a doctored photograph of a childhood hot air balloon ride, and we varied which medium they saw first. People who saw a description first reported more false images and memories than people who saw a photo first, a result that fits with an anchoring account of false childhood memories
RNA-seq data analysis : a practical approach / Eija Korpelainen, Jarno Tuimala, Panu Somervuo, Mikael Huss, Garry Wong.
No full text"A Chapman & Hall book."pharmacy bookfair2015Includes bibliographical references and index.xxiv, 298 pages :"RNA-seq offers unprecedented information about transcriptome, but harnessing this information with bioinformatics tools is typically a bottleneck. This self-contained guide enables researchers to examine differential expression at gene, exon, and transcript level and to discover novel genes, transcripts, and whole transcriptomes. Each chapter starts with theoretical background, followed by descriptions of relevant analysis tools. The book also provides examples using command line tools and the R statistical environment. For non-programming scientists, the same examples are covered using open source software with a graphical user interface"-- Provided by publisher
Attractive electrostatic self-assembly of ordered and disordered heterogeneous colloids
No full textThesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-193).This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Ionic colloidal crystals are here defined as multicomponent ordered colloidal structures stabilized by attractive electrostatic interactions. These crystals are colloidal analogues to ionic materials including zincblende, rocksalt, cesium chloride, and fluorite. A thermodynamic study revealed that the screening ratio, charge ratio, and monodispersity are critical parameters in ionic colloidal crystal (ICC) formation. Experimentally, small ordered regions were observed under ideal thermodynamic conditions. However, no larger crystalline regions were found in these samples. The kinetics of ICC formation was studied using a variety of computational techniques, including Brownian dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a Newton's method solver. These techniques have each elucidated properties and processing conditions that are important to crystallization. The Brownian dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations showed that the previous experiments were highly undercooled. Furthermore, a narrow crystallization window was found, demonstrating the need to create particle systems that meet the narrow parameter space where ICCs should be stable. Pair interaction potentials were evaluated for their accuracy using a Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation solver. The PB solver was also used to further refine crystalline formation energies so that systems can be more accurately tailored. A surprising result from the PB solver showed that the lowest formation energy occurs when the quantity of surface charges on both particles are equal. Although this result is not predicted by any colloidal pair potentials, it was verified experimentally. This further illustrates that thermal mobility in these systems can be sufficient to maintain a stable solution despite attractive electrostatic interactions. Tailoring particle systems to balance the thermal and electrostatic interactions should allow widespread crystallization. However, these conditions require highly monodisperse particles to be fabricated with controlled surface charge and sizes. Currently these particles are not widely available and further research in this area should aid in the full realization of the ICC concept. In conclusion, all results are integrated to predict which particle systems should be produced to allow the formation of large ordered structures.by Garry R. Maskaly.Ph.D
Determinants of cross-country income inequality : an augmented Kuznets hypothesis
No full textWhy does income inequality differ among countries? Using a sample of 80 countries from the 1980s, the author shows that two types of factors explain variations in income inequality. The first are factors that are, in the short term, independent of economic policies and are included in the standard formulation of the Kuznets'curve: the level of per capita income and the country's regional heterogeneity. From the viewpoint of economic policy, these are"given"factors, resulting in a"given inequality."The second group of factors are the social-choice factors reflected in the sizeof social transfers and of state sector employment, both of which reduce inequality. For this sample, the reduction amounts to about a quarter of"given"inequality. The importance of social-choice factors rises as the level of income rises. The divergence between actual inequality and the inequality predicted by the standard Kuznets'curve therefore systematically widens as a society develops. This discrepancy is systematic, the author contends. Inequality in richer societies decreases not only because of economic factors but also because societies choose less inequalities as they grow richer.Inequality,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Services&Transfers to Poor,Safety Nets and Transfers
False claims about false memory research
No full textPezdek and Lam [Pezdek, K. & Lam, S. (2007). What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study “False memory,” and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition] claim that the majority of research into false memories has been misguided. Specifically, they charge that false memory scientists have been (1) misusing the term “false memory,” (2) relying on the wrong methodologies to study false memories, and (3) misapplying false memory research to real world situations. We review each of these claims and highlight the problems with them. We conclude that several types of false memory research have advanced our knowledge of autobiographical and recovered memories, and that future research will continue to make significant contributions to how we understand memory and memory errors
Erratum: Functional role of T-cell receptor nanoclusters in signal initiation and antigen discrimination
No full textIMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION: Correction for "Functional role of T-cell receptor nanoclusters in signal initiation and antigen discrimination," by Sophie V. Pageon, Thibault Tabarin, Yui Yamamoto, Yuanqing Ma, John S. Bridgeman, André Cohnen, Carola Benzing, Yijun Gao, Michael D. Crowther, Katie Tungatt, Garry Dolton, Andrew K. Sewell, David A. Price, Oreste Acuto, Robert G. Parton, J. Justin Gooding, Jérémie Rossy, Jamie Rossjohn, and Katharina Gaus, which appeared in issue 37, September 13, 2016, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (113:E5454-5463; first published August 29, 2016; 10.1073/pnas.1607436113). The authors note that Philip R. Nicovich should be added to the author list between Yuanqing Ma and John S. Bridgeman. Philip R. Nicovich should be credited with contributing new reagents/analytic tools. The corrected author line, affiliation line, and author contributions appear below. The online version has been corrected
No-take Marine Reserves and Reef Fisheries Management in the Philippines: a new people power revolution
No full textThe marine-conservation and reef fisheries–management program that exists today in the Philippines had humble beginnings in the 1970s at Sumilon and Apo islands. These islands have produced some of the best evidence available that no-take reserves, protected and managed by local communities, can play a key role in biodiversity conservation and fisheries management. Perhaps more importantly, they served as models for an extraordinary expansion of no-take reserves nationally in the Philippines in the past 2 decades. This expansion contributed substantially to a major shift in national policy of management of marine resources. This policy shift partially devolved responsibility from a centralized government bureaucracy to local governments and local communities. Local governments now comanage, along with the national government, marine resources out to 15 km from the coast. Giving some responsibility for management of marine resources to coastal people dependent upon those resources represents, in a very real sense, another “people power revolution” in the Philippines
Physical activity, its relationship with psychological wellbeing and self perception, and in keeping us all psychologically healthier
No full textThis study provided quantative correlational review of the relationship between physical
activity, psychological well being and self perception. A total of (n = 65) participants took
part in this study ranging between 18 and 40 years of age. Demographic details were also
reviewed in relation to the three variables. Measurements for the study included the Habitual
Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Psychological General Well Being Index and the Body
Esteem Scale. Results indicated a positive non significant relationship between physical
activity and psychological well being (r = .11), a significant correlation relationship between
physical activity and self perception (r = .018). No significant relationship was found
between physical activity scores and a specific gender, and no significant difference was
observed between self perception scores and gender. Author keywords: Physical exercise, psychological wellbeing, sport, self perception, mental health, physical activity, physical self perceptio
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