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Music Therapy with Autistic Children : Insights from a Crossover Study on Psychometric Outcomes and Participant Preferences
Full text linkBakgrunn: Musikkterapi (MT) blir i økende grad anerkjent som en effektiv, styrkebasert intervensjon for å støtte autistiske barn. Gjennom musikalske opplevelser og utvikling av en terapeutisk relasjon, støtter MT kommunikasjon, emosjonell uttrykksevne og sosial interaksjon. Til tross for økende bevis fra randomiserte kontrollerte studier som støtter fordelene med MT, gjør variasjon i terapeutiske metoder og utfallsmål det utfordrende å sammenligne resultater på tvers av studier og å trekke definitive konklusjoner. I tillegg er forbedring av rapportering av intervensjonsinnhold avgjørende for å øke konsistens og transparens i MTforskning. Dette forskningsprosjektet bygger på tidligere funn som knyttet MT til forbedret sosial kommunikasjon og hjerneforbindelser, og hadde som mål å replikere og utvide disse resultatene innenfor en europeisk kontekst.
Mål: Music for Autism (M4A)-studien ble designet for å evaluere effekten av en 12- ukers MT-intervensjon sammenlignet med lekbasert terapi (PT) på sosial kommunikasjon og funksjonelle hjerneforbindelser. Målgruppen var autistiske barn i alderen 6-12 år. Denne avhandlingen fokuserer på: 1) å presentere en detaljert studieprotokoll for å sikre en transparent implementering av studien; 2) å utvikle en intervensjonsveileder for å definere og standardisere leveringen av en barnesentrert, semi-strukturert MT-tilnærming; og 3) å vurdere effekten av MT på sosial kommunikasjon og en rekke psykometriske utfall, samt evaluere deltakernes preferanser for intervensjonene.
Metoder: M4A-studien var en bi-nasjonal, assessor-blindet, randomisert crossoverstudie. Barn ble randomisert til å motta ulike sekvenser av MT og PT-intervensjoner, hvor hver intervensjon varte i tre måneder og ble adskilt av en tre måneders utvaskingsperiode uten behandling. MT-intervensjonene fra den opprinnelige studien ble grundig gjennomgått og tilpasset for å utvikle en standardisert intervensjonsveileder. Denne avhandlingen rapporterer om de psykometriske utfallsmålene som ble vurdert på fire tidspunkter i M4A-studien. Det primære psykometriske utfallsmålet var sosial kommunikasjon. Sekundære psykometriske utfallsmål inkluderte emosjonell velvære, adaptiv atferd, deltakelse, motoriske ferdigheter og familiens livskvalitet, alle vurdert med standardiserte verktøy. I tillegg vurderte deltakerne og deres familier sine preferanser for intervensjonene og ga kvalitativ tilbakemelding i form av spørreskjema, som ble samlet inn og oversatt til engelsk. Statistiske analyser for avhandlingen inkluderte en ANCOVA-modell for å evaluere effekten av intervensjonene. I tillegg ble en lineær mixed-effects-modell benyttet for å utforske tidseffekter og vurdere endringer på tvers av de forskjellige vurderingstidspunktene. Resultatene ble også sammenlignet med en tidligere studie for å evaluere om M4A-studien lyktes med å replikere funn.
Resultater: Totalt 53 barn ble inkludert i studien mellom september 2021 og februar 2024 i Bergen, Norge, og Wien, Østerrike, og ble randomisert til enten MT-PT (n=27) eller PT-MT (n=26) sekvenser. Intervensjonene ble standardisert gjennom en intervensjonsveileder, som grunnla dem i en felles teoretisk ramme og tillot fleksibilitet i individuelle sesjoner, samtidig som man fulgte en konsistent metodologi. Studien fant ingen signifikante forskjeller i sosial kommunikasjon eller noen av de sekundære utfallsmålene etter tre måneder med MT sammenlignet med PT. Imidlertid antydet trender potensielle fordeler ved MT for å redusere internaliseringsproblemer. Signifikante endringer ble observert ved ni-måneders oppfølging på tvers av ulike utfall. Deltakerne foretrakk generelt MT fremfor PT, og foreldrenes kommentarer fremhevet fordelaktig emosjonelt utbytte, samt verdien av den terapeutiske relasjonen. Ved å kombinere resultatene fra både M4A-studien og tidligere studier, ble små, men positive effekter av MT observert på tvers av de evaluerte domenene.
Konklusjoner: Selv om M4A-studien ikke replikerte tidligere funn av forbedring av sosial kommunikasjon, fremhevet studien likevel viktigheten av replikasjon i musikkterapiforskning, samt behovet for å ta klinisk meningsfulle endringer til etterretning. Funnene understreker betydningen av lengre varighet på intervensjoner og fremhever nødvendigheten av å velge utfallsmål som genuint gjenspeiler de levde erfaringene og preferansene til autistiske individer og familiene deres. I tillegg kan innlemming av deltakernes preferanser og kvalitative innsikter berike vår forståelse av intervensjonens relevans. Fremtidige studier bør se nærmere på større utvalgsstørrelser, lengre intervensjonsperioder og i større grad vektlegge kvalitative metoder for å fange opp de komplekse og nyanserte erfaringene til autistiske barn og deres familier.Background: Music therapy (MT) is increasingly recognized as an effective, strengths-based intervention for supporting autistic children. By engaging with children through musical experiences and the therapeutic relationship that develops, MT supports communication, emotional expression, and social interaction. Despite growing evidence from randomized controlled trials supporting the benefits of MT, variability in therapeutic methods and outcome measures makes it challenging to compare results across studies and draw definitive conclusions. Additionally, improving the reporting of intervention content is crucial to enhance consistency and transparency in MT research. This research builds on previous findings that linked MT to improved social communication and brain connectivity, aiming to replicate and expand these results within a European context.
Aims: The Music for Autism (M4A) trial was designed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week MT intervention compared to play-based therapy (PT) on social communication and functional brain connectivity in autistic children aged 6-12. This thesis focuses on: 1) presenting a detailed study protocol to ensure transparent trial implementation; 2) developing an intervention guide to standardize the delivery of a child-centered, semi-structured MT approach grounded in a common theoretical framework; and 3) assessing the impact of MT on social communication, a range of psychometric outcomes, and participant preferences for the interventions.
Methods: The M4A trial was a binational, assessor-masked, randomized crossover study. Children were randomized to receive different sequences of MT and PT interventions, with each intervention lasting three months and separated by a three-month washout period. The MT interventions from the previous study were thoroughly reviewed and adapted to develop a standardized intervention guide. This thesis reports on the psychometric outcomes assessed at four time points within the M4A trial. The primary psychometric outcome was social communication. Secondary psychometric outcomes included measures of emotional well-being, adaptive behavior, participation, motor skills, and family quality of life, all assessed with standardized tools. Additionally, participating children and their families rated their preferences for the interventions and provided qualitative feedback, which was collated and translated into English. Statistical analyses for the thesis included an ANCOVA model to evaluate the effects of the interventions and a linear mixed effects model to explore the effects of time and assess changes across the different assessment points. Results were also compared to the previous findings to evaluate whether the M4A trial successfully replicated their findings.
Results: A total of 53 children were enrolled in the trial between September 2021 and February 2024 in Bergen, Norway, and Vienna, Austria, and were randomized to either the MT-PT (n=27) or PT-MT (n=26) sequences. The interventions were defined through the developed intervention guide, allowing for flexibility in individual sessions while maintaining adherence to a consistent overall methodology. The study found no significant differences in social communication or any secondary outcomes following three months of MT compared to PT. However, trends suggested potential benefits of MT for reducing internalizing behaviors. Significant changes were observed at the nine-month follow-up across various outcomes. Participants generally preferred MT over PT, with parental comments highlighting emotional benefits and the value of the therapeutic relationship. When pooling the results of both the M4A trial and the previous findings, small but positive effects of MT were observed across the evaluated domains.
Conclusions: While the M4A trial did not replicate the previous findings on improved social communication, it emphasized the importance of replication in MT research and the need to consider clinically meaningful changes. The findings underscore the value of longer intervention durations and the necessity for outcome measures that genuinely reflect the lived experiences and preferences of autistic individuals and their families. Additionally, incorporating participant preferences and qualitative insights can enrich our understanding of the relevance of the interventions. Future studies should consider larger sample sizes, longer intervention durations, and a greater emphasis on qualitative measures to capture the complex and nuanced experiences of autistic children and their families.Doktorgradsavhandlin
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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