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Equo compenso e diritto d'autore: un'analisi comparata = Fair Compensation and Author's Rights: a Comparative Analysis
Get PDFOggetto di discussione in questa trattazione sono le normative sull'equo compenso per le riproduzioni private di opere dell'ingegno, più specificatamente di opere musicali, cinematografiche e letterarie, realizzate in assenza di autorizzazione da parte dei titolari dei relativi diritti d'autore. Si tratta di riproduzioni effettuate dagli utenti delle opere a beneficio di una ristretta cerchia di persone, solitamente familiari o amici, e non destinate alla circolazione in pubblico. Le copie sono prodotte in numero limitato, sovente in un unico esemplare, mediante gli strumenti tecnici tipicamente presenti nelle abitazioni private. Queste caratteristiche rendono il fenomeno facilmente distinguibile dalla cosiddetta pirateria a fini di lucro di beni protetti dal diritto d'autore, solitamente condotta mediante l'impiego di strutture aziendali clandestine per la fabbricazione e la distribuzione di copie non autorizzate. Per garantire un compenso economico ai titolari di diritti d'autore o di diritti connessi per le riproduzioni private si provvede al prelievo di una quota del prezzo dei prodotti comunemente utilizzati da utenti privati per il confezionamento delle copie dei materiali protetti. Tale quota è pagata dai produttori e dagli importatori dei prodotti in questione, ed è riscossa da appositi enti per la gestione dei diritti d'autore. Nel primo capitolo si ripercorrono brevemente gli eventi sociali e giuridici che hanno portato alla emanazione delle prime leggi istituenti un compenso per le riproduzioni ad uso privato. Successivamente si dà conto di come il modello, nato nella Repubblica Federale di Germania, sia poi circolato, con poche modifiche, in gran parte del territorio europeo, seppur con alcune significative eccezioni. La parte conclusiva del capitolo contiene una analisi comparata delle normative odierne di alcuni Paesi dell'Europa continentale, alla luce dei principi posti dai trattati internazionali sul diritto d'autore e dalla direttiva 2001/29/CE del Parlamento Europeo e del Consiglio del 22 maggio 2001, relativa all’armonizzazione di taluni aspetti del diritto d’autore e dei diritti connessi nella società dell’informazione. L'analisi è completata con l'illustrazione del recepimento del modello presso alcuni Stati extraeuropei. Nel secondo capitolo è condotto un breve studio dei fondamenti economici dei meccanismi di equo compenso per copia privata, corredato da alcune considerazioni sul rapporto giuridico intercorrente tra equo compenso e diritti esclusivi di riproduzione, avendo come riferimento in particolare il diritto italiano. Il capitolo si conclude con l'esame di alcuni profili critici delle norme sull'equo compenso, quali l'interazione con le misure tecniche di protezione e l'incidenza del prelievo sui nuovi dispositivi digitali, allo scopo di verificare l'influenza prodotta dalle leggi sulla riproduzione privata sulle nuove tecnologie e viceversa. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato all'analisi di alcune proposte avanzate da studiosi del diritto per estendere il modello di equo compenso alla condivisione non autorizzata su reti informatiche di materiali protetti da diritti d'autore, al fine di valutare la praticabilità di questo modello quale soluzione al problema del file-sharing illegale. ENGLISH ABSTRACT The object of this paper are the laws providing a fair compensation to copyright holders for the private copying of their works, such as songs and musical performances, films and books. These provisionlaws cover the unauthorized copies of copyrighted materials, typically made by the end users of the materials themselves for their private enjoyment, a notion that may eventually include an use of the copy extended to the circle of the closest relatives and friends.with t’s copying devices today so widely spread in the consumer market. The non-commercial nature (private copies are not sold nor usually made available to the public) and the limited scale of the reproduction activities mark this phenomenon, and make it easily distinguishable from the commercial “piracy”, i. e. the unauthorized serial copying made for commercial purposes. In order to grant an economic revenue to copyright holders, a levy is applied to copying devices and media sold to private consumers. The levy is paid by manufacturers and importers of the devices and is collected by copyright collecting societies. In the first chapterbriefly the social and juridical events that brought to promulgation of the first laws enacting a compensation for private copying of protected materials are briefly illustrated. The model was provided by the Federal German Republic and subsequently circulated in most of Europe. The final part of the chapter involves a comparison of the present laws of some EU Countries, under the principles established by directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society and by international treaties on copyright A study of the relevant laws of two non-European countries, United States of America and Canada, is included as well. The second chapter adopts a law and economics perspective to study the basic economic principles underlying the private copying and the established compensation model. It follows an analysis of some critical issues, such as the interaction between the existing compensatory schemes and technical protection measures and DRMs, and the effect of the levy on digital devices, in order to study the influence exerted by the private copying laws on new technologies and vice versa. The third and last chapter is dedicated to the study of the viability of the extension of the compensation scheme for private copying to the internet, and especially to file-sharing services, to evaluate the hypothetical possibility of a legalization of these services. Questo paper Copyright © 2011 Ruggero Brogi è pubblicato con: Creative Commons Attribuzione - non commerciale - non opere derivate 2.5 Italia License. Maggiori informazioni circa la licenza all’URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/it/
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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