1,721,033 research outputs found
An event-related potential study of memory for words spoken aloud or heard
No full textSubjects made old/new recognition judgements to visually presented words, half of which had been encountered in a prior study phase. For each word judged old, subjects made a subsequent source judgement, indicating whether they had pronounced the word aloud at study (spoken words), or whether they had heard the word spoken to them (heard words). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were compared for three classes of test item: words correctly judged to be new (correct rejections), and spoken and heard words that were correctly assigned to source (spoken hit/hit and heard hit/hit response categories). Consistent with previous findings (Wilding, E. L. and Rugg, M. D., Brain, 1996, 119, 889–905), two temporally and topographically dissociable components, with parietal and frontal maxima respectively, differentiated the ERPs to the hit/hit and correct rejection response categories. In addition, there was some evidence that the frontally distributed component could be decomposed into two distinct components, only one of which differentiated the two classes of hit/hit ERPs. The findings suggest that at least three functionally and neurologically dissociable processes can contribute to successful recovery of source information
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Dissociation of P300 brain potentials evoked by rare visual stimuli
Full text linkThe P300 event related potential (ERP) has consistently been dissociated into separate components on the basis of scalp amplitude distribution within the auditory modality (for instance Squires et al. 1975). A parietally maximum P300 deflection being evoked in response to target stimuli in comparison with a more frontally maximum P300 deflection evoked in response to rare nontarget stimuli. Results obtained within experiment 1 and 6 demonstrated such a dissociation employing auditory stimuli within a three stimulus oddball paradigm. It did not prove possible to obtain such a dissociation of P300 deflections on the basis of scalp amplitude distribution within the visual modality. Across a number of experimental manipulations both target and rare nontarget stimuli evoked P300 deflections with similar amplitude distributions (centro-parietal maximum along the midline). Experiment 5 demonstrated that frequent stimuli similarly evoked a centro-parietal maximum amplitude distribution. It was demonstrated that both stimulus probability (Experiment 4) and the physical characteristics of the stimuli (Experiment 5) affected the mean amplitude of the evoked P300 deflection. However, the scalp amplitude distribution of the evoked deflections remained constant. Within Experiment 6 it was demonstrated that within both auditory and visual modalities P300 deflections, evoked in response to both target and rare nontarget stimuli, demonstrated an equipotential amplitude distribution within an elderly group of subjects. In addition across both modalities amplitude evoked in response to rare nontarget stimuli demonstrated an asymmetric distribution across lateral chains of electrodes. Amplitude evoked along the right chain was significantly reduced in comparison to that evoked along the left chain. It would appear that the same, or a similar combination of, underlying neural generators are responsible for the activity that may be recorded at the scalp as the P300 deflection within the visual modality
Electrophysiological studies of formal, derivational and repetition priming
Full text linkERPs have been found to be sensitive to formal (i.e. orthographic and phonological) and semantic relationships between words, as well as to word repetition. Such effects have been used to argue that the N400 component of the ERP may reflect processing of the representations of words, i.e. 'lexical processing'. If ERPs do reflect lexical processes then they may also be sensitive to morphological relationships between words which are thought to be lexically represented. The first three experiments investigated the sensitivity of ERPs to morphological relationships between words. Modulations of the ERP resulting from derivational, formal and repetition priming were compared. In each case, there was a positive-going shift in the ERP compared to the ERP elicited by unprimed words. However there was little evidence to suggest that the effects found in the derivational priming condition differed from those found when words were formally but not morphologically similar. A subsequent three experiments focused on these ERP formal priming effects. Formal priming effects were found when the proportion of related items was relatively low, with non-words and with words which were only orthographically similar and with words which were both orthographically and phonologically similar. In each case formal and repetition priming were initially of similar magnitude, with the repetition effect subsequently becoming greater in amplitude than the formal effect. Whilst the distribution of the repetition effect for non-words and the formal priming effects for words and non-words tended to be greatest over the right hemisphere, the word repetition effect was largest over the midline. It is concluded that the N400 does not reflect lexical processing, nor is it specific to semantic processing. Instead the N400 may reflect the operation of a similarity-sensitive mechanism which is sensitive to orthographic, phonological and/or semantic similarity and which may operate in an all-or-none fashion
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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