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Figure 3 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
No full textFigure 3. Mean natural log-ransformed ratios of femoral to humeral section modulus. Taxa are ordered according to the expected functional trend (see Table 1).Published as part of Habib, Michael B. & Ruff, Christopher B., 2008, The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones, pp. 601-624 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (3) on page 610, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00402.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544631
Figure 6 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
No full textFigure 6. Mean natural log-transformed ratios of femoral to humeral length. Taxa are ordered according to the expected functional trend (see Table 1).Published as part of Habib, Michael B. & Ruff, Christopher B., 2008, The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones, pp. 601-624 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (3) on page 613, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00402.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544631
Figure 1 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
No full textFigure 1. Avian phylogenies used for tests of phylogenetic independence. A, the phylogeny based on the topology presented by Sibley & Ahlquist (1990). B, the phylogeny based on the topology presented by Livezey & Zusi (2007).Published as part of Habib, Michael B. & Ruff, Christopher B., 2008, The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones, pp. 601-624 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (3) on page 607, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00402.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544631
Figure 4. pQCT images from a in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
No full textFigure 4. pQCT images from a subset of the study species included, representing the range of geometries in the data set. Species not shown to same scale.Published as part of Habib, Michael B. & Ruff, Christopher B., 2008, The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones, pp. 601-624 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (3) on page 612, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00402.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544631
Relative fibular strength and locomotor behavior in OH 35 and KNM-WT 15000
No full textRelative fibular/tibial strength has been demonstrated
to be related to the degree of arboreality/
terrestriality in anthropoid primates. In this study
fibular/tibial strength was determined in OH 35,
a Homo habilis (or possibly Paranthropus boisei),
(1.8 myr) and KNM-WT 15000, a juvenile Homo
erectus, (1.5 myr), and was compared to modern
humans (n=79), chimpanzees (n=16), gorillas
(n=16) and orangutans (n=11). Ontogenetic
changes in fibular/tibial strength were also
analyzed due to KNM-WT 15000’s juvenile status.
Cross-sectional properties were derived from
multi-plane radiography and either CT sections
of casts (fossils) or external molds (extant). RMA
regressions were run on polar second moment
of area (J), a measure of torsional and average
bending rigidity, of the fibula against that of the
tibia for all extant species. Fossils were analyzed
using their relative deviations from each regression
line, expressed in SEE units. Great apes
differed significantly from humans in regression
line elevation, with relatively stronger fibulae. OH
35 fell in the center of the great ape distribution,
within 1 SEE of each great ape taxon, but 1.9 SEE
from humans. KNM-WT 15000 was more than
2 SEE from all great apes and within 0.6 SEE
of humans. This was not a result of his age, as
fibular/tibial strength slightly decreases with age
in humans. OH 35 has some human-like features;
however, the relative strength of the two bones
aligns the specimen with great apes, suggesting
a significant degree of arboreality. KNM-WT
15000 is demonstrated to be fully modern,
complimenting other evidence for complete
terrestrial bipedality
The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
No full textHabib, Michael B., Ruff, Christopher B. (2008): The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (3): 601-624, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00402.x, URL: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00402.
Figure 7 in The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones
No full textFigure 7. Percentage of bone cross-section composed of cortical bone in the femur and humerus of each individual. This represents an inverse measure of 'hollowness' in the limb bones scanned. Phalacrocorax harrisi and Spheniscus magellanicus are both highlighted for qualitative reference, as these species have the thickest-walled bones of the taxa studied. Phalacrocorax auritus individuals are highlighted for comparison with P. harrisi. Puffinus griseus individuals, which utilize both dynamic soaring and wing-propelled diving, are highlighted to emphasize that their cortical areas are similar to other divers. Symbols and labels are as in Figure 2, except that X's denote hyperaerials.Published as part of Habib, Michael B. & Ruff, Christopher B., 2008, The effects of locomotion on the structural characteristics of avian limb bones, pp. 601-624 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (3) on page 615, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00402.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544631
The Locomotion of Babakotia radofilai Inferred From Epiphyseal and Diaphyseal Morphology of the Humerus and Femur
Full text linkPalaeopropithecids, or “sloth lemurs,” are a
diverse clade of large-bodied Malagasy subfossil primates
characterized by their inferred suspensory positional
behavior. The most recently discovered genus of the
palaeopropithecids is Babakotia, and it has been
described as more arboreal than Mesopropithecus, but
less than Palaeopropithecus. In this article, the withinbone
and between-bones articular and cross-sectional
diaphyseal proportions of the humerus and femur of
Babakotia were compared to extant lemurs, Mesopropithecus
and Palaeopropithecus in order to further understand
its arboreal adaptations. Additionally, a sample of
apes and sloths (Choloepus and Bradypus) are included
as functional outgroups composed of suspensory adapted
primates and non-primates. Results show that Babakotia
and Mesopropithecus both have high humeral/femoral
shaft strength proportions, similar to extant great apes
and sloths and indicative of forelimb suspensory behavior,
with Babakotia more extreme in this regard. All three
subfossil taxa have relatively large femoral heads, also
associated with suspension in modern taxa. However,
Babakotia and Mesopropithecus (but not Palaeopropithecus)
have relatively small femoral head surface area to
shaft strength proportions suggesting that hind-limb positioning
in these taxa during climbing and other behaviors
was different than in extant great apes, involving
less mobility. Knee and humeral articular dimensions
relative to shaft strengths are small in Babakotia and
Mesopropithecus, similar to those found in modern sloths
and divergent from those in extant great apes and
lemurs, suggesting more sloth-like use of these joints during
locomotion. Mesopropithecus and Babakotia are more
similar to Choloepus in humerofemoral head and length
proportions while Palaeopropithecus is more similar to
Bradypus. These results provide further evidence of the
suspensory adaptations of Babakotia and further highlight
similarities to both extant suspensory primates and
non-primate slow arboreal climbers and hangers
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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