1,720,965 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Untersuchungen zu molekularer Expressionsregulation und biologischer Funktion von Interleukin-22
No full textIL-22 wird hauptsächlich von aktivierten Leukozyten produziert, wirkt aber ausschließlich auf nicht-leukozytäre Zellen vor allem epithelialen Ursprungs. Die Funktionen des Zytokins sind strikt kontextabhängig. Einerseits aktiviert es bei infektionsgetriebenen Entzündungen die angeborene Immunität und wirkt gewebeprotektiv, andererseits weist IL-22 im Rahmen von Autoimmunerkrankungen pathogenes Potenzial auf, was vor allem auf die proliferationsfördernde Aktivität des Zytokins zurückzuführen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde erstmals die Regulation der humanen IL-22 Expression auf molekularer Ebene charakterisiert. Insbesondere die Regulation des humanen IL-22 Promotors ist bislang nicht untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurden einige biologische Eigenschaften des Zytokins näher beleuchtet. Durch Untersuchungen an der gut charakterisierten humanen T-Zelllinie Jurkat sowie durch ergänzende Versuche an humanen Primärzellen (PBMC, CD3+ T-Zellen) konnte eine relevante Funktion der Transkriptionsfaktoren NF-ATc2 und CREB sowie des IKK/NF-ΚB Signalweges bei der Regulation der IL-22 Expression nachgewiesen werden. Sowohl für NF-ATc2 als auch für den IKK-Komplex konnte dabei CsA Sensitivität gezeigt werden. CsA wird, wenn nötig, in der Therapie schwerer Verlaufsformen der Psoriasis eingesetzt und bewirkt in den Patienten unter anderem eine Reduktion der im Rahmen der Erkrankung beobachteten IL-22 Expression. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse belegen erstmals eine direkte Rolle von CsA in der Reduktion der IL-22 Produktion bei immunmodulatorischer Therapie. Darüber hinaus konnte ich am Beispiel von B. burgdorferi zeigen, dass PBMC unter dem Einfluss extrazellulärer Bakterien Mediatoren freisetzen, welche die Aktivierung des IL-22 Promotors in benachbarten T-Zellen initiieren können. Dies passt zu Befunden, die belegen, dass PBMC nach Aktivierung durch B. burgdorferi eine rapide IL-22 Sekretion zeigen. Interessanterweise wird IL-17 in der frühen Phase der Aktivierung von PBMC durch B. burgdorferi nicht synthetisiert. Damit ergeben sich neue Einblicke in die Pathogenese der Spirochäteninfektion. So könnte IL-22 einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Schutz vor der borrelienassoziierten Lyme Borreliose leisten und die mangelhafte Immunabwehr, verursacht durch das Fehlen von IL-17, kompensieren. Außerdem konnte ich in der hier vorgelegten Arbeit belegen, dass Leberzirrhosepatienten signifikant erhöhte IL-22 Serumspiegel aufweisen. Da auch in Biopsien zirrhotischer Lebern IL-22 immunhistochemisch, vor allem in nicht-parenchymalen Zellen nachweisbar war, scheint die Leber der Syntheseort des im Serum detektierbaren Zytokins zu sein. Interessanterweise korrelierte IL-22 nicht nur mit der Mortalitätsrate bei Leberzirrhose, sondern auch mit der Krankheitsaktivität der betreffenden Patienten. Ein weiterer zu untersuchender Aspekt der hier vorgelegten Arbeit war die Identifizierung neuer IL-22 induzierbarer Gene. Dies geschah unter Verwendung der IL-22 responsiven, gut carakterisierten Kolonkarzinomzelllinien DLD-1 und Caco-2. Eine genomweite Expressionsstudie führte dabei zur Identifikation neuer IL-22 induzierbarer Gene, unter denen sich insbesondere CEACAM5 und NNMT befanden. Beide Proteine spielen eine Rolle in der Karzinogenese und könnten als bisher unbekannte Bindeglieder zwischen IL-22 und der Entstehung und Metastasierung maligner Entartungen fungieren. Darüber hinaus könnte sich durch NNMT, ein Enzym, das vornehmlich in der Leber exprimiert wird, eine Verbindung zur Rolle von IL-22 bei Leberzirrhose ergeben. Zusammengefasst eröffnen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht nur neue Einblicke in die Biologie von IL-22, sondern auch potenzielle Ansätze zur Therapie diverser Erkrankungen. So ist denkbar, in der Behandlung IL-22 getriebener Autoimmunerkrankungen, wie z.B. Psoriasis, auf die von starken Nebenwirkungen begleitete Verabreichung von CsA zu verzichten und stattdessen, beispielsweise durch Inhibierung des IKK-Komplexes, regulatorisch auf IL-22 einzuwirken. Neben einer möglichen Beteiligung von CEACAM5 und NNMT an IL-22/STAT3 vermittelter Karzinogenese, implizieren die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse eine Funktion des Zytokins bei Borrelieninfektion und Leberzirrhose, wobei die genauen Aufgaben von IL-22 im Rahmen dieser Krankheitsbilder bislang unbekannt sind. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen klären, ob eine Modulation der IL-22 Spiegel für die Therapie der jeweiligen Erkrankungen in Frage kommen könnte. Zumindest bei Leberzirrhose könnte die IL-22 Serumkonzentration aufgrund der hier vorgelegten Ergebnisse allerdings jetzt schon als neuer prognostischer Marker herangezogen werden.IL-22 is predominantly produced by activated leukocytes but acts exclusively on non-leukocytic cells mainly of epithelial origin. The functions of IL-22 are strictly context specific. While the cytokine activates innate immunity in the context of infection-driven inflammation and thus serves largely protective functions at host/environment interfaces, it is also known to contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. This latter biological activity is mediated particularly by IL-22 proliferative characteristics. Here, the regulation of the IL-22 expression on a molecular level was investigated for the first time. Notably, the regulation of the human IL-22 promotor has not been investigated yet. Moreover, distinct biological properties of this cytokine were analyzed herein.
Using the well characterized human T cell line Jurkat and primary human cells (PBMC, CD3+ T cells), a crucial function for the transcription factors NF-ATc2 and CREB as well as for the IKK/NF-ΚB pathway in the regulation of the IL-22 expression was detected. Moreover, NF-ATc2 and IKK actions were shown to be CsA sensitive. In fact, this drug is advised for the treatment of severe psoriasis and its usage in such patients leads, among others, to reduction of disease-associated IL-22. Results presented herein indicate for the first time a direct action of CsA on IL-22 during immunomodulatory therapy. Furthermore, I was able to show that B. burgdorferi, used herein as a prototypic extracellular bacterium, causes PBMC to release specific mediators which in turn have the potential to initiate activation of the IL-22 promotor in surrounding T cells. This is in line with most recent studies displaying rapid secretion of IL-22 after activation of PBMC with B. burgdorferi. Interestingly, IL-17 was not detectable in the early phase of activation of PBMC by B. burgdorferi. These data may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of spirochete infections. Accordingly, IL-22 may play an important role in protection against borrelia-associated Lyme disease by compensating insufficient expression of IL-17 in the initial phase of infection. In a further project, I could document elevated IL-22 concentrations in sera of liver cirrhosis patients. By using immunohistochemistry, IL-22 expression could be detected likewise in non-parenchymal cells of biopsy specimens obtained from cirrhotic livers. These findings indicate that the liver serves as a source of IL-22 in these patients. Interestingly, the amount of serum IL-22 positively correlated with mortality and disease activity seen in those corresponding patients. Another aspect of this study was the identification of novel IL-22 inducible genes. For that purpose, the IL-22 responsive and well-characterized colon carcinoma cell lines DLD-1 and Caco-2 were used. A genome-wide expression study identified so far unknown IL-22 inducible genes among others CEACAM5 and NNMT. Both proteins likely serve significant functions in carcinogenesis and could therefore serve as potential linker molecules between IL-22 and the development and metastasis of certain malignancies. Since NNMT, a cytosolic enzyme, is predominantly expressed in liver cells, IL-22 induced NNMT could also be related to the functions of IL-22 in liver cirrhosis. Taken together, the results presented herein provide new insights into the biology of IL-22 and could set the road to novel therapeutic strategies regarding a range of different diseases. For example, targeting this cytokine in the treatment of IL-22-driven autoimmune diseases like psoriasis could replace the conservative application of CsA, which is associated with severe side effects. For example, targeting IL-22 by inhibition of the IKK complex might be a therapeutic option. In addition to a potential role of IL-22-induced CEACAM5 and NNMT in carcinogenesis, this study implies a function of IL-22 in the context of borrelia infection and liver cirrhosis. However, further detailed investigations are obviously required to clarify whether modulation of IL-22 might be a therapeutic option for the treatment of both diseases. Nevertheless, on the basis of the presented results, IL-22 could already serve as new prognostic marker for liver cirrhosis
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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