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Some Aspects of the Judicial Fact-Finding
Full text linkOne can find a great number of different theories of fact-finding in the literature of evidential jurisprudence. Every theory has its pros and cons. The purpose of this thesis is not to find and name the ”best” fact-finding theory, but try to find some ways of making inferences, which could be rational and useful for the fact-finder’s in his difficult task of deciding, what is true and what is not.
There is a some kind of bifurcation of theories, depending on the method of reasoning and inference they use. They are often called the bayesian and pascalian theories. The bayesian theories use mathematics, the pascalian do not.
In his book ”The Probable and the Provable” L. Jonathan Cohen has stated the difficulties of using mathematical and statistical modes of reasoning in judicial fact-finding. However, there are some aspects in these theories, which are useful for the fact-finder. Especially in complex cases with a broad ”wigmorean” network of provable facts it is important for the fact-finder to understand the relationships of the probability values of facts on different levels of the network and the meaning of these relationships.
In the Scandinavian literature there are two older theories of fact-finding, the so-called theme theory and evidential value theory. Neither of them has succeeded in making a break-through in the court practice. Instead, in civil cases the preponderance of the evidence method (övervikt- or overvekt -principle), having its roots in the common law tradition, has got more popularity, and so has the so-called hypothese theory, usually connected to the works of Christian Diesen from Sweden. The idea of hypothese theory is old. There have always been at least two alternatives available for the fact-finder: either a proposition is true or it is not. Diesen has developed this idea in criminal cases to a broad spectrum of hypotheses, especially concerning the causality of facts and events, and on the other hand, the roles and tasks of the prosecutor and the judge.
At the time being the narrative theory seems to make progress at least in the evidential jurisprudence, even in nordic countries. Its advantages are the holistic aspects of fact-finding and reasoning it stresses. On the other hand, there might be some dangers to be aware of in connection of the holism. For instance, not every witness is a story-teller, and the fact-finder must have the tools of working also with this kind of situations.
In the litigation there are also some ”minor” but important questions and items to be discussed. One of them is the role of a priori -probability in inferential reasoning. In older literature one can find the attitude that it is quite normal and acceptable that the fact-finder can use his a priori -knowledge in evaluating the evidence presented to him and as a part of it. I think that there is a discrepancy between this mode of thinking and the presumption of innocence in criminal cases. In civil cases, too, it is very questionable why the fact-finder should be allowed to use some information the content of which is and stays uncontrolled. In both kind of cases he should be able to put aside his prejudicies and start from ”a clean table”, or, if considering his information relevant for the case, he should inform the litigants about it and so make it to an item of contradictory and adversarial discussion.Todistusoikeudellisessa kirjalllisuudessa tavataan melkoinen määrä erilaisia todistusharkinnan teorioita ja menetelmiä. Jokaisella teorialla on vahvuutensa ja heikkoutensa. Teoksen tarkoituksena ei ole löytää ja nimetä ”parhainta” todistusharkintateoriaa, vaan pyrkiä löytämään ajattelu- ja päättelytapoja, jotka voisivat olla rationaalisia ja hyödyllisiä näyttötuomarin, fact-finderin, vaikeassa tehtävässä ratkaista, mikä on totta ja mikä ei ole.
Teoriat voidaan jakaa kahteen pääryhmään sen perusteella, mitä päättelyn metodia ne käyttävät. Näitä päävirtauksia voidaan nimittää bayesinaanisiksi ja pascaliaanisiksi teorioiksi. Bayesiaaniset teoriat käyttävät hyväkseen matematiikkaa, pascaliaaniset eivät samoissa määrin.
L. Jonathan Cohen osoitti kuuluisassa kirjassaan ”The Probable and the Provable”, mitkä vaikeudet ja vaarat todistusharkinnassa liittyvät matemaattisten ja tilastollisten päättelytapojen käyttämiseen. Meillä Hannu Tapani Klami aikanaan innostui matemaattisista menetelmistä, mutta myös hän totesi erään kirjoituksensa loppupuolella, että ”tuomari ei laske”. Vaikka tämä pitäisi paikkansakin, myös näihin teorioihin sisältyy piirteitä, jotka ovat relevantteja ja hyödyllisiä näyttötuomarin työn kannalta. Erityisesti monimutkaisissa ja vaikeissa jutuissa, joihin sisältyy laaja todisteltavien tosiseikkojen ”wigmoreaaninen” verkko, on tärkeää ymmärtää ne suhteet, jotka vallitsevat tosiseikkojen todennäköisyysarvojen kesken verkon eri portailla, sekä näiden suhteiden merkitys.
Skandinaavista todistusoikeuskirjallisuutta on hallinnut kaksi vanhempaa todistusharkinnan teoriaa, niin sanotut teema- ja todistusarvometodit. Kumpikaan niistä ei ole onnistunut lyömään itseään läpi tuomioistuinkäytännössä. Niin sanottu övervikt- eli overvekt -periaate, vahvemman näytön tai näyttöenemmyyden periaate, joka osin juontaa juurensa common law’n perinteeseen, on saanut riitajutuissa suosiota, samoin kuin niin sanottu hypoteesiteoria, joka yleensä liitetään ruotsalaisen Christian Diesenin nimeen. Hypoteesiteorian idea on vanha ja yksinkertainen. Tuomarin valittavana on aina ollut vähintään kaksi vaihtoehtoa, joko väitetty seikka tai seikasto on tosi tai ei ole tosi. Diesen on kehittänyt tämän idean rikosjutuissa hypoteesien ”spektriksi”, erityisesti toisaalta tosiseikkojen ja tapahtumien kausaalisuhteita ja toisaalta syyttäjän ja tuomarin rooleja ja tehtäviä koskien. Keskeisiä ovat niin sanotut vaihtoehtoiset tapahtumainkulut.
Narratiivi- eli kertomusteoria näyttää olevan voittamassa merkittävästi alaa ainakin kirjallisuudessa, myös pohjoismaissa. Sen etuna ovat todistuharkinnan ja päättelyn kokonaisvaltaiset, holistiset näkökohdat, joita se korostaa. Toisaalta holismiin saattaa liittyä vaaratekijöitä. Kaikki todistajat eivät esimerkiksi ole kouliintuneita kertomusten esittäjiä, ja näyttötuomarilla tulee olla työkalut ja valmiudet toimia myös senkaltaisissa tilanteissa.
Näyttötuomarin toimintaan liittyy myös eräitä ”pienempiä” mutta tärkeitä kysymyksiä. Yksi niistä on a priori- tai alkuperäistodennäköisyyden rooli päättelyssä ja sen suhde rikosasian syyttömyysolettamaan.ei saavutettav
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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