1,721,048 research outputs found
Digital sequence information as a marine genetic resource under the proposed UNCLOS legally binding instrument
No full textThe Convention on Biological Diversity and its supplementary agreement the Nagoya Protocol, the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework all establish schemes for access and benefit sharing (ABS) biological materials. A key contentious and unresolved question is how to deal with information like digital sequence information (DSI) – a placeholder term for genetic information about biological materials. The same issues are under consideration at the negotiation of an ABS scheme for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction in the international legally binding instrument under the Convention on the Law of the Sea. If DSI is to be addressed and included in this ABS scheme, then the essential choices available to negotiators are: (1) To consider DSI is already included within the current definitions of genetic resources; (2) Expressly include DSI within the definition of (marine) genetic resources; (3) Include DSI as a derivative of (marine) genetic resources; or (4) Seek alternative ways to compensate for DSI not being a resource. The article concludes that including information like DSI within the ABS transaction challenges the current practices of science research with detrimental consequences for the progress of open science, and that now would be a good time to reconsider alternative ways to deliver benefits.Full Tex
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Access and benefit sharing biological materials for machines: Artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning
Get PDFSocietal Impact Statement
Future research and development of biological materials for foods, feeds, fibres, materials and medicines will increasingly rely on information and knowledge using Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications for detecting patterns to make useful decisions. The access and use of this information and knowledge is increasingly being regulated under international laws according to an ideal that delivers money and other benefits from the uses of the information and knowledge. We conclude these issues will require specific attention to ensure the ideals of fair and equitable benefit sharing are sustainable and can deliver real benefits.
Summary
The global regulation of access and benefit sharing (ABS) biological materials is starting to impose complex rules for governing information and knowledge about those materials. Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses existential challenges for the research and development of those materials for foods, feeds, fibres, materials and medicines under these ABS schemes.
We speculate these challenges are in three distinct scenarios: (1) data used to train the AI models; (2) data used to test (and verify) the AI models; and (3) data used in applying the models to reveal useful patterns. Building in ‘explainability’ to the AI algorithms may be a solution, at least in part, to delivering on fair and equitable ABS.
We then posit two issues for ABS: (1) negotiating the ownership status to use the input data with each data owner for training, testing (and verifying) and using the models (although a further complication here is that most data is without an owner because it is already open and free as a public domain without intellectual property restrictions); and (2) following the data per se through the AI models (explainability).
We conclude that how ABS will be addressed in developing and applying AI models will require careful consideration to avoid the apparent dulling effects of current ABS regulation and the potentially significant consequences this may have for biology-based research and the commercialisation of biology-based products and services.Full Tex
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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