101 research outputs found
Private Information: Similarity as Compatibility
No full textWe investigate the continuity of equilibrium in differential information economies with a finite number of agents. In this setting, agents can make contingent contracts based on events that are commonly observed. With private information modelled as finite partitions of a compact and metrizable space of states of nature, we introduce a topology on information that takes into account the compatibility of information fields in assessing similarity between private information fields. This topology allows us to establish upper semicontinuity of the private core correspondence.Differential Information Economy, Asymmetric Information, Radner Equilibrium, Private Core, Topologies on Information.
Intermodel comparison of biodiversity and ecosystem services projections for the Shared Socio-Economic Pathways
No full textScenarios are powerful tools to envision how nature might respond to different pathways of future human development and policy choices. Potential global trajectories for drivers of ecosystem change have been recently explored by the climate-science community. However, contrarily to what is common practice in the climate change modelling community, biodiversity and ecosystem services models are rarely used together to project potential consequences on future trajectories of human development.
Although targeting long-term analyses, with low sensitivity to short-term and local/regional dynamics, the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) explore a wide range of human development pathways, from slow to fast rates of population growth, economic growth, technological development, trade development and implementation of environmental policies. The SSPs can be used in combination with representative concentration pathways (RCPs), which describe pathways of greenhouse gas emissions resulting in different climate change scenarios. Integrated assessment models and global climate models can translate relevant combinations of SSPs/RCPs into land-use change and climate change projections.
Here, existing biodiversity and ecosystem services models were used to translate these projections into potential impacts on nature, nature’s contributions to people, and good quality of life. Although this approach does not account for drivers of change in biodiversity and ecosystem services operating at regional and subregional scales, it enables an assessment of impacts from projected changes in land use and climate at the global scale. In contrast with previous analyses, we used a wide range of models to assess the impact across diverse dimensions of biodiversity (for example, species richness, abundance, and composition) and ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, and cultural services). Comparable metrics for biodiversity and ecosystem services (such as essential biodiversity variables, alpha diversity, range size change) were used to harmonize outputs from models addressing each of these dimensions. Although this use of scenarios based on combinations of SSPs/RCPs continued the tradition of viewing nature as the endpoint in a linear cascade of models, it allowed us to understand how the updated projection of future human development will continue the trends in biodiversity loss of the last century, thus failing to fulfil existing global biodiversity conservation targets.peerReviewedunknown accessibilityei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Projecting impacts of global land-use scenarios on biodiversity change across scales and species groups.
No full textHabitat destruction via land-use change is considered to be a primary driver for both biodiversity and ecosystems changes. As the pressure on land use is expected to increase in the future, there is an urgent need to develop the ability to assess in more detail the full range of responses of biodiversity to future land use change. Scenario analysis of alternative plausible futures is often used as a tool to explore and evaluate the extensive uncertainties associated with such possible future developments. Here, we use the countryside species-area relationship (cSAR) model to project future (2015-2100) changes in both alpha and gamma diversity of birds species and assess the dynamics between two bird functional species groups resulting from land use changes following three distinct scenarios of land use change and climate mitigation (i.e. the land use harmonization (LUH) database that represent alternative representative concentration and shared socio-economic pathways (RCP-SSP). We then compared future and current (1900-2015) rates of biodiversity loss. Across the different scenarios, we observe minimal losses to small increases in mean local species diversity (alpha diversity), although with significant declines of forest specialists, which are compensated by increases in generalist and open-habitat species. While global species loss (gamma diversity) seems to decrease around two percent, across the three scenarios, with significant losses of generalist and open-habitat species, rendering the tree scenarios similar when all bird species are taken together. Our results highlight the importance of assessing how different patterns of land-use affect biodiversity and how different choices will affect different components of biodiversity. We discuss how these considerations can help integrate human development and nature stewardship in a more sustainable way.peerReviewedunknown accessibilityei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Alternative pathways to a sustainable future lead to contrasting biodiversity responses
No full textLand-use change is currently the main driver of biodiversity loss. Projections of land-use change are often used to estimate potential impacts on biodiversity of future pathways of human development. However, such analyses frequently neglect that species can persist in human-modified habitats. Our aim was to estimate changes in biodiversity, considering affinities for multiple habitats, for three different land-use scenarios. Two scenarios focused on more sustainable trajectories of land-use change, based on either technological improvements (Pathway A) or societal changes (Pathway B), and the third reflected the historical or business-as-usual trends (Pathway 0). Using Portugal as a case study, we produced spatially-explicit projections of land-use change based on these pathways, and then we assessed the resulting changes in bird species richness and composition projected to occur by 2050 in each of the scenarios. By 2050, alpha and gamma diversity were projected to decrease, relative to 2010, in Pathway 0 and increase in Pathways A and B. However, different pathways favored different species groups, and presented strong regional differences. In the technological improvement pathway, loss of extensive agricultural areas led to an increase in both natural and extensive forest areas. In this pathway, forest species increase at the expense of farmland species, while in the societal change pathway the reverse occurs, as extensive agricultural areas were projected to increase. We show that while multiple positive pathways (A and B) for biodiversity can be envisioned, they will lead to differential impacts on biodiversity depending on the transformational changes in place and the regional socio-economic context. Our results suggest that considering compositional aspects of biodiversity can be critical in choosing the appropriate regional land-use policies.KeywordsScenariosBiodiversity changeLand-use changeBird diversityBiodiversity modelingPortuga
Mediators of Outcome in Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy with Youth: A Systematic Review
No full textThis article aimed to provide a systematic narrative synthesis of existing studies on the mediators of change in psychotherapy with adolescents (10–19 years) and transition age youth (TAY) (20–29 years) who have experienced trauma-related symptoms or posttraumatic disorder. Additionally, we were interested in identifying psychotherapy-, trauma type-, and clients’ age and gender-specific mediators of treatment outcome. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, a total of 3,723 studies published in PubMed and PsycINFO databases were screened against inclusion criteria, revealing 15 eligible studies. No studies with only TAY were found; therefore, all results were limited to therapy with adolescents. Cognitive mediators were tested in 66% of selected studies, followed by parents/family-related, mental-health related, therapy-related, and behavioral mediators. Moderate evidence was found for posttraumatic cognitions, whereas therapeutic alliance seemed to be a promising candidate for future research. Striking absence of non-cognitive-behavioral
therapy interventions, emotional and adolescent-specific mediators, as well as studies with males and in non-Western societies was evident. Future original studies would benefit from applying methodological rigor in respect to mediation testing.Lista completa de los autores patrocinadores: Sonja Protić1,2 , Lutz Wittmann3, Svenja Taubner4, Sonia Conejo-Cerón5,
Yianna Ioannou6, Erkki Heinonen7,8, Andrea Saliba9, Patricia Moreno-Peral5,
Jana Volkert10, Rasa Barkauskiene11, Stefanie Julia Schmidt12,
Margarida Isabel Rangel Santos Henriques13, Catarina Pinheiro Mota13,
Célia M.D. Sales13, Jan Ivar Røssberg8, Asta Adler11, Dina Di Giacomo14,
Filipa Mucha Vieira13, Nikola Drndarević1, Randi Ulberg8,15 ,
Tjasa Stepisnik Perdih16, and Jose M. Mestre1 (corresponding author)17 página
Evaluating forest protection strategies: A comparison of land-use systems to preventing forest loss in Tanzania
No full textUnderstanding the effects of forest management strategies is especially important to avoid unregulated natural resource extraction that leads to ecosystem degradation. In addition to the loss of crucial forest services, inefficiencies at converting these natural resources into economic gain for people ultimately exacerbates poverty. Therefore, it is important to know which conservation strategies have proven to be effective in preventing ecosystem degradation and thus be encouraged in future management plans. Here, we used a high-resolution remotely sensed dataset spanning 15 years to study forest cover dynamics across various protected areas in Tanzania. Our findings highlight particular management approaches more effective in preventing forest cover loss and promote forest cover gain, and provide valuable information for conservation efforts. Results show that National Parks have the least forest cover loss, whereas multiple-use Game Controlled Areas have the highest rates of forest loss. In fact, results suggest that these multiple use areas tend to lose more forest cover than areas with no protection or management status at all. These findings suggest the need for more effective strategies for enforcing the existing policies to ensure that socio-economic benefits to local communities are maximized and national interests are sustained
Tendencias mundiales de la biodiversidad y los servicios de los ecosistemas de 1900 a 2050
No full textDespite the scientific consensus on the extinction crisis and its anthropogenic origin, the quantification of historical trends and of future scenarios of biodiversity and ecosystem services has been limited, due to the lack of inter-model comparisons and harmonized scenarios. Here, we present a multi-model analysis to assess the impacts of landuse and climate change from 1900 to 2050. During the 20th century provisioning services increased, but biodiversity and regulating services decreased. Similar trade-offs are projected for the coming decades, but they may be attenuated in a sustainability scenario. Future biodiversity loss from land-use change is projected to keep up with historical rates or reduce slightly, whereas losses due to climate change are projected to increase greatly. Renewed efforts are needed by governments to meet the 2050 vision of the Convention on Biological Diversity
Multiscale scenarios for nature futures
No full textTargets for human development are increasingly connected with targets for nature, however, existing scenarios do
not explicitly address this relationship. Here, we outline a strategy to generate scenarios centred on our relationship
with nature to inform decision-making at multiple scale
Estresse ocupacional: proteção jurídica à saúde do trabalhador brasileiro
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em DireitoA presente pesquisa refere-se ao problema do estresse ocupacional na saúde dos trabalhadores e sua proteção no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, com especial referência à Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988; das Convenções da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) que versam sobre Saúde e Segurança no trabalho, principalmente a Convenção no 155 e a Convenção no 161; da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho (CLT), em especial as normas contidas no capitulo V, que diz respeito a Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho e das Normas Regulamentadoras (NR) ditadas pelo Ministério do Trabalho. Expõe-se em primeiro lugar, as questões relativas aos antecedentes do estresse, agentes estressores e a relação estresse e trabalho. Num segundo momento, aborda-se os efeitos do estresse na saúde dos trabalhadores, e apresenta-se alguns dados relativos aos trabalhadores afetados pelo estresse ocupacional. Por último, faz-se referência ao princípio de proteção que norteia o direito do trabalho, analisando-se a posteriori as principais disposições de proteção à saúde do trabalhador contidas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Ao final, faz-se menção à possibilidade de proteção jurídica da saúde do trabalhador diante do problema do estresse ocupacional, apontando-se uma possível proposta. La presente investigación aborda el problema del estrés ocupacional y la protección de la salud de los trabajadores en el ordenamiento jurídico brasilero, con especial referencia a la Constitución de la República Federativa del Brasil de 1988, de las Convenciones de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), relativas a la Salud y la Seguridad en el Trabajo, principalmente la Convención no 155 y la Convención no 161; de la Consolidación de las Leyes del Trabajo (CLT), especialmente las normas contenidas en el capítulo V, referente a la Seguridad y Medicina del Trabajo y de las Normas Regulamentadoras dictadas por el Ministerio del Trabajo. En primer lugar, se expone cuestiones relativas a los antecedentes del estrés, agentes estresantes y la relación estrés y trabajo. Posteriormente, se aborda los efectos del estrés en la salud de los trabajadores y algunos datos que guardan relación a los trabajadores afectados por el estrés ocupacional. Por último se realiza una referencia al principio de protección que nortea el Derecho del Trabajo, analizándose posteriormente las principales disposiciones de protección a la salud de los trabajadores contendidas en el ordenamiento jurídico brasilero. Al final, se realiza un análisis sobre la posibilidad de la protección jurídica a la salud del trabajador frente al problema del estrés ocupacional, apuntándose una posible propuesta
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