1,720,961 research outputs found
Type D personality and persistence of depressive symptoms in a German cohort of cardiac patients
No full textBackground: Depression is associated with a negative prognosis in coronary heart disease and heart failure patients. Type D personality has been shown to predict the persistence of depressive symptoms over 12 months. Data on longer follow-up periods and on the effectiveness of Type D as a screening tool compared to established measures of depressive symptoms are missing. Methods: Type D personality and depressive mood were assessed with the DS14 and the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) in 679 consecutive cardiac patients (22.2% female, mean age 62.4 +/- 10.2 years) over a period of 6 years. Latent class and growth mixture models with Type D, comorbidity, age, and sex as covariates were used to model individual depression trajectory classes and to predict trajectories and class membership. Estimates of specificity and sensitivity were calculated for Type D and the HADS-D baseline cut-off point. Results: In a model with four latent classes (mild symptoms, moderate and increasing symptoms, significant but decreasing symptoms, and significant and increasing symptoms), Type D predicted the membership in the class with significant and increasing symptoms (OR = 10.94, 4.93, and 3.15). Sensitivity and specificity were 59% and 78% for Type D and 47% and 80% for the HADS-D. Limitations: Some possible confounders might be missing. With just two measurement points only linear trajectories could be modeled. Conclusions: Type D personality is a stronger predictor for persistent depressive symptoms than the baseline HADS-D score, but the predictive power seems low for clinical practice. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Six year stability of Type-D personality in a German cohort of cardiac patients
No full textObjective: The aim of the study was to systematically analyze the stability of Type-D personality over a time span of several years in a clinical sample. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, cardiac patients from different medical settings in Germany were assessed using the DS14 questionnaire at baseline (n = 1240) and at a mean follow-up time of six years (n = 679). Different types of stability were examined and compared with the stability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Rank-order stability was moderate (r = .61 for Negative Affectivity [NA] and r = .60 for Social Inhibition [SI]) and didn't differ from the rank-order stability of the HADS. Whereas the mean level of SI didn't change over time, the mean level of NA increased (d = 0.08). On an individual level, approximately one quarter of the participants showed a significant increase or decrease. The factorial structure of the DS14 was stable over time. Finally, the agreement of Type-D classification between the two measurement points was moderate (kappa = .42) with 22% of the participants changing their Type-D classification over time. Conclusion: The stability of NA and SI didn't differ from the stability of measures of emotional distress that are generally considered to be less stable. In particular, the only moderate stability of the dichotomous Type-D classification raises some questions. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
The type-D scale (DS14) - Norms and prevalence of type-D personality in a population-based representative sample in Germany
No full textThe DS14 (Denollet, 2005) is the most accepted and widely used diagnostic instrument for the assessment of the type-D pattern, which has been established as a predictor of adverse clinical events and cardiac prognosis in patients with heart disease. Despite an increasing number of applications of the DS14 in non-cardiac and healthy samples, psychometric properties of the DS14 item and subscale scores have not been tested explicitly for non-cardiac samples, and population-based norms have been missing until now. The present study aimed to analyse the psychometric properties of the item and subscale scores and the factorial structure of the DS14, as well as to examine prevalence rates and to provide population-based norms for the German general population from a population-based representative sample of 2495 subjects. The analyses document sound psychometric properties. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the best fit for a two-factor structure. The prevalence of the type-D personality in the German population was 31%. In comparison, most studies report lower prevalence rates in cardiac patients. The present findings support the use of the DS14 to assess the traits of negative affectivity and social inhibition and to classify type-D personality in epidemiologic research and individual diagnostics as well. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Type D Personality and Heart Disease: Walking the Line Between Enthusiasm and Disbelief
Full text linkType D Personality and All-Cause Mortality in Cardiac Patients-Data From a German Cohort Study
No full textObjective: Type D personality has been established as a predictor of adverse clinical events in patients with cardiovascular diseases. To date, all studies except one have been conducted by a single research group. Thus, the aim of our study was to provide an independent replication of the results regarding the prognostic validity of Type D personality in a German sample of cardiac patients. Methods: Cardiac patients (n = 1040) were recruited from cardiac rehabilitation centers (n = 484), an outpatient clinic (n = 249), and a university hospital (n = 307). Main analyses were based on the combined data from these three subsamples. Cardiac health status, medical risk factors, sociodemographic characteristics, psychological symptoms, and Type D personality were assessed at baseline. The primary end point was all-cause mortality. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the relative risk of death. Results: Vital status was known for 977 patients (22.5% women; mean [standard deviation] = 63.3 [10.7] years). Within the follow-up time (mean [standard deviation] = 71.5 [3.6] months), 172 patients died. Type D personality was found in 25.2% of survivors and in 22.2% of nonsurvivors (chi(2) = 0.78, p = .38). Depressive symptoms (p = .13) and anxiety (p = .27) were also not predictive of mortality. In the multivariate analyses, neither Type D (p = .95) nor negative affectivity (p = .71) and social inhibition (p = .59), as well as their interaction (p = .88), were associated with all-cause mortality. Conclusions: In the present study, Type D personality and its constituents are not associated with increased mortality in patients with heart disease. The discrepancies with previous results deserve further investigation
Eine Kurzform der Skala zur Generalisierten Selbstwirksamkeit (GSW-6): Entwicklung, psychometrische Merkmale und Validität in einer interkulturellen nicht-klinischen Stichprobe und in einer Stichprobe von Herzinsuffizienz-Risikopatienten
No full textObjective: General self-efficacy has been found to be an influential variable related to the adaptation to stress and chronic illness, with the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale by Jerusalem and Schwarzer being a reliable and valid instrument to assess this disposition. The aim of this study was to construct and test a short form of this scale to allow for a more economical assessment of the construct.Methods: The item characteristics of the original scale were assessed using an intercultural non-clinical sample (n =19,719). Six items with the highest coefficient of variation and good discrimination along the range of the trait were selected to build a short form of the instrument (GSE-6). Subsequently, the psychometric properties and the concurrent and predictive validity of the GSE-6 were tested in a longitudinal design with three measurements using a sample of patients with risk factors for heart failure (n =1,460).Results: Cronbach's alpha for the GSE-6 was between .79 and .88. We found negative associations with symptoms of depression (-.35 and -.45), anxiety (-.35), and vital exhaustion (-.38) and positive associations with social support (.30), and mental health (.36). In addition, the GSE-6 score was positively associated with active problem-focused coping (.26) and distraction/self-encouragement (.25) and negatively associated with depressive coping (-.34). The baseline GSE-6 score predicted mental health and physical health after 28 months, even after controlling for the respective baseline score. The relative stability over twelve and 28 months was r =.50 and r =.60, respectively, while the mean self-efficacy score did not change over time.Conclusions: The six item short form of the GSE scale is a reliable and valid instrument that is useful for the economical assessment of general self-efficacy in large multivariate studies and for screening purposes.Hintergrund: Die generalisierte Selbstwirksamkeit hat sich als einflussreiche Variable im Zusammenhang mit der Anpassung an stressreiche Situationen und chronische Erkrankungen gezeigt. Die Skala Generalisierte Selbstwirksamkeit (GSW) von Jerusalem und Schwarzer ist ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Erhebung dieser Disposition. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Entwicklung und Prüfung einer Kurzform dieser Skala, um eine ökonomischere Erfassung des Konstrukts zu ermöglichen.Methoden: Die Itemmerkmale der Original-Skala wurden anhand der Daten einer interkulturellen, nicht-klinischen Stichprobe (n =19.719) bestimmt. Sechs Items mit dem höchsten Variationskoeffizienten und guter Diskrimination über den Merkmalsbereich wurden ausgewählt, um aus ihnen eine Kurzform des Instruments zusammenzustellen (GSW-6). Anschließend wurden psychometrische Merkmale und die konkurrente und prädiktive Validität der GSW-6 in einem Längsschnittdesign mit drei Messzeitpunkten an einer Stichprobe von Patienten mit Risikofaktoren für eine Herzinsuffizienz geprüft (n =1.460).Ergebnisse: Cronbachs alpha für die GSW-6 lag zwischen .79 und .88. Wir fanden negative Zusammenhänge mit depressiven Symptomen (-.35 und -.45), Angstsymptomen (-.35), und vitaler Erschöpfung (-.38) sowie positive Zusammenhänge mit sozialer Unterstützung (.30) und psychischer Gesundheit (.36). Weiterhin hing der GSW-6-Score positiv mit aktivem problemorientiertem Coping (.26) und Ablenkung/Selbstaufbau (.25) sowie negativ mit depressiver Krankheitsverarbeitung (-.34) zusammen. Der GSW-6-Ausgangswert konnte die psychische und körperliche Gesundheit nach 28 Monaten, auch nach Kontrolle des jeweiligen Ausgangswertes, vorhersagen. Die relative Stabilität über zwölf bzw. 28 Monate betrug r =.50 und r =.60, während sich der mittlere Selbstwirksamkeitsscore im Zeitverlauf nicht änderte.Schlussfolgerungen: Die aus sechs Items bestehende Kurzform der GSW-Skala ist ein reliables und valides Instrument, das zur ökonomischen Erfassung der generalisierten Selbstwirksamkeit in großen multivariaten Studien und zum Einsatz als Screeninginstrument geeignet ist
Association Between Type D Personality and Prognosis in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Full text linkSince 1995, the association of type D personality and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases has been increasingly investigated
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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