21,045 research outputs found
The Background of Prime Ministers: Who They Are
No full textThis chapter sets the scene by providing a novel comparative exploration of similarities and differences in the individual background characteristics of prime ministers in Europe. It investigates prime ministers’ socio-demographic composition, their political experience, their partisan background, and their duration in office over the past seven decades. The descriptive analysis shows that prime ministers in Europe are not an internally coherent and homogeneous group of politicians, as previous research has claimed. On the contrary, prime ministers differ remarkably across European democracies in regard to their individual background characteristics and their duration in office
Conclusion: What Have We Learned and What Needs to Be Done?
No full textThis chapter summarizes the major empirical findings of this study and considers the implications of changing prime ministers’ career experiences and profiles on democratic representation and democratic governance across the various European democracies. It is argued that the different types of experiences that prime ministers bring with them may result in different balances of responsive and responsible government. The chapter finally also proposes some new directions for future research on prime ministers’ careers in liberal democracies
Studying Prime Ministers’ Careers: An Introduction
No full textThis chapter highlights the changing role of prime ministers in European party governments. It argues that the career experiences and profiles of prime ministers change in times of changing job requirements. Departing from a review of existing research on prime ministers’ careers in liberal democracies, this chapter presents the theoretical and empirical innovations of the book as well as additional research questions that go beyond the origin and the political effect of different career types. It also defines the geographical focus and the sample of prime ministers in 26 European democracies from 1945 to 2020
Changing Career Experiences: Less Political, More Technical
No full textThis chapter assesses changes in prime ministers’ career experiences across European countries and between the European regions. The empirical investigation finds that prime ministers’ political experience in positions such as member of national parliament and/or cabinet and/or party leader has declined over the past decades, albeit with regional variations. The same holds true for their duration in these political offices. The technical experiences of prime ministers, in turn, show some increase relative to their political experiences. Although the proportion of prime ministers with former experience in private enterprises, interest groups, state bureaucracies, and international organizations has increased moderately, these background characteristics remain less important than experiences gained in national political institutions and political parties for a successful prime ministerial career. In sum, our analysis confirms that the career experiences of European prime ministers have become moderately ‘less political’ and ‘more technical’
Prime Ministers in Europe: Changing Career Experiences and Profiles
No full textThis book examines the changes in the career experiences and profiles of 350 European prime ministers in 26 European democracies from 1945 to 2020. It builds on a theoretical framework, which claims that the decline of party government along with the increase of populism, technocracy, and the presidentialization of politics have influenced the careers of prime ministers over the past 70 years. The findings show that prime ministers’ career experiences became less political and more technical. Moreover, their career profiles shifted from a traditional type of ‘party-agent’ to a new type of ‘party-principal’. These changes affected the recruitment of executive elites and their political representation in European democracies, albeit with different intensity and speed
Changing Career Profiles: From Party-Agents to Party-Principals
No full textThis chapter examines the development of prime ministers’ career profiles over time. Based on a factor analysis, we identify two primary types of career profiles: party-agents and party-principals. Overall, the analysis shows that prime ministers with a party-principal career profile have become more common than prime ministers with a party-agent career profile. In fact, the party-principal profile became the dominant career profile in the 1990s, following the decline of party government and the increase of the presidentialization of politics. The chapter’s sections examine several additional relevant factors that may affect career profiles, including the form of government, electoral volatility, prime ministers’ formal agenda-setting power, party family membership, and gender. Our empirical findings suggest that all five factors affect prime ministers’ career profile, albeit in different directions
Replication Data for: Prime Ministers in Europe. Changing Career Experiences and Profiles
No full textThis dataset contains career and sociodemographic data on prime ministers in Europe starting with 1945 or the respective democratization years of European countries (prime minister Winston Churchill was also included despite his earlier investiture). The data includes one observation for each prime minister and tracks career data until their first time of investiture into office. Additional variables track prime ministers governance of different types of government, interruptions and overall time in office. This data has been tracked past their first investiture into office until the last year of observation (2019). It includes data used in the Monograph: "Prime Ministers in Europe. Changing Career Experiences and Profiles.
Change of Prime Ministers’ Careers: Theoretical Considerations
No full textThis chapter presents the theoretical framework for studying changes in the career experience and the career profiles of prime ministers that will be applied to the empirical analysis in Chaps. 4 and 5. Our basic argument states that the decline of party government has supported the emergence of populist, technocratic, and presidentializing trends in European democracies. These trends have been jointly conducive to decreasing levels of prime ministerial political experience and increasing levels of technical experience, as well as to shifting prime ministers’ career profiles from a ‘party-agent’ to a ‘party-principal’ type
Jan Kapr's contribution to contemporary music : an essay about a composer and teacher
No full textThis creative project is a treatise on a leading personality of Czechoslovakian musical life, the composer, Jan Kapr. The author discusses the following:1. The complicated development of Kapr's career and work, 2. Kapr's method of organization of musical material in a composition, as described in his book Constants,3. His former and current style which is demonstrated in two of his compositions, Concert Variations, for flute and string orchestra and Testimonies for four solo instruments,4. Two of his recent works, Exercises for Gydli and the Symphony No. 7, Country of Childhood.Thesis (M.A.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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