17 research outputs found
Performance Evaluation of LTE Physical Layer Using SC-FDMA & OFDMA
No full textSince past few decades different types of cellular networks were launched and went successful on the radio links such as WiMAX, that became very popular because of its high data rate (70Mbps) and support for providing wireless internet services over 50km distance. The UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an emerging technology in the evolution of 3G cellular services. LTE runs on an evolution of the existing UMTS infrastructure already used by over 80 percent of mobile subscribers globally. We have very limited resources in cellular technologies and it is important to utilize them with high efficiency. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) & Orthogonal Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) are major part of LTE. OFDMA was well utilized for achieving high spectral efficiency in communication system. SC-FDMA is introduced recently and it became handy candidate for uplink multiple access scheme in LTE system that is a project of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The Multiple Access Scheme in Advanced Mobile radio system has to meet the challenging requirements for example high throughput, good robustness, efficient Bit Error Rate (BER), high spectral efficiency, low delays, low computational complexity, low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), low error probability etc. Error probability is playing vital role in channel estimation and there are many ways to do channel estimation, like Wiener Channel Estimation, Bayesian Demodulation etc. In our thesis, we investigate the performance of SC-FDMA and OFDMA of LTE physical layer by considering different modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM) on the basis of PAPR, BER, power spectral density (PSD) and error probability by simulating the model of SC-FDMA & OFDMA. We use Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and introduce frequency selective (multipath) fading in the channel by using Rayleigh Fading model to evaluate the performance in presence of noise and fading. A set of conclusions is derived from our results describing the effect of higher order modulation schemes on BER and error probability for both OFDMA and SC-FDMA. The power spectral densities of both the multiple access techniques (OFDMA and SC-FDMA) are calculated and result shows that the OFDMA has high power spectral density. The considered modulation schemes also have a significant impact on the PAPR of both OFDMA and SC-FDMA such that the higher order modulations increase PAPR in SC-FDMA and decrease PAPR in OFDMA. However, the overall value of PAPR is minimum in SC-FDMA for all modulation schemes. The PSD calculation results also support the remarks given on PAPR.Author 01: Abdul Samad Shaikh, Phone # 0046-760915236 Author 02 : Khatri Chandan Kumar, Phone # 0046-76264974
Water mediated synthesis of pyrano[2, 3-c]pyrazoles using L-histidine as an effective catalyst
No full textA Survey Report on Effect of Root Canal Fillings and Coronal Restorations on the Periapical Status of Endodontically Treated Teeth in a Selected Group of Population
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Integrated Electronic Health Record System in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Single Centre Implementation Experience
No full textAn integrated electronic health record system is a common platform for efficient and active interaction of four major subsystems namely the medical record system, laboratory system, picture archiving and communication system and enterprise resource planning system. Barriers like knowledge and attitude of computer usage, time consumption, information technology workforce, electricity, cost of technology and devices, data safety and security deter institutions from implementation. However, implementation of this system is inevitable with its inherent advantages of efficient storage and timely retrieval, comparison of lab and imaging data over time, cash billing, institutional resource planning and finally ease of processing insurance claims as the Government of Nepal is looking forward to financing public health sector through the national health insurance system. Many hospitals struggle to implement and maintain integrated electronic health records. We aimed to discuss the steps undertaken to integrate this system in a district hospital setting with the inherent challenges and the subsequent impact
An experimental investigation on the influence of machining parameters on surface finish in diamond turning of silicon optics
No full textEffect of gallium-arsenic laser on photosensitized periodontopathic anaerobic organisms: An in vitro study
No full textBackground: The mainstay of periodontal therapy is mechanical removal of subgingival plaque. There is considerable interest in supplementing it with the use of antibiotics and antiseptics. Many drawbacks are associated with these adjunctive pharmacological regimens such as development of resistance to antibiotics and disruption of microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, alternate means of killing subgingival bacteria are clearly desirable. One such method is the use of laser. Aim: This study aimed to investigate antibacterial capabilities of gallium-arsenic (Ga-As) laser on photosensitized periodontopathic organisms. The three bacteria selected for the study were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia. Settings: The subjects for the study were selected from the patients visiting the Department of Periodontics, Karnataka Lingayat Education Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgaum. Design: In vitro study design. Materials and Methods: Subgingival plaque samples collected from chronic periodontitis patients were cultured anaerobically for 72 h. Predetermined number of colonies of each bacterium was taken and was then divided into cases and control groups. Both groups were photosensitized using toluidine blue O (TBO) dye and the case groups were irradiated with Ga-As laser. Bacterial colonies were then serially diluted and were incubated for subculture. After incubation period, the number of viable bacterial count was performed. Statistical Analysis: Wilcoxon-signed rank test was carried out to determine significance of reduction on subsequent dilution within the bacterial group. Mann–Whitney U-test was performed to determine the significance of reduction between cases and control of particular bacterial group. Results: The results revealed substantial reduction in the viable bacterial count. F. nucleatum was found to be most sensitive to killing by laser irradiation followed by P. intermedia and then P. gingivalis. Further, the TBO dye per se did not have any significant bactericidal effect. Conclusion: Photodynamic Therapy may prove to be a promising method for eradicating periodontopathic bacteria in near future
Revamping the corneal permeability and antiglaucoma therapeutic potential of brinzolamide using transniosomes: optimization, in vitro and preclinical evaluation
No full textAim: This study aims to explore potential of transniosomes, a hybrid vesicular system, as ocular drug-delivery vehicle. Materials & methods: Thin-film hydration technique was used to fabricate brinzolamide-loaded transniosomes (BRZ-TN) and optimized using Box–Behnken design, further exhaustively characterized for physicochemical evaluations, deformability, drug release, permeation and preclinical evaluations for antiglaucoma activity. Results: The BRZ-TN showed ultradeformability (deformability index: 5.71), exhibiting sustained drug release without irritation (irritancy score: 0) and high permeability compared with the marketed formulation or free drug suspension. The extensive in vivo investigations affirmed effective targeted delivery of transniosomes, with brinzolamide reducing intraocular pressure potentially. Conclusion: Our findings anticipated that BRZ-TN is a promising therapeutic nanocarrier for effectively delivering cargo to targeted sites by crossing corneal barriers.</p
Accessibility of the Public Transport in Helsinki Metropolitan Area
Get PDFThe aim of this Bachelor's thesis was to find out, test and analyze the level of accessibility in the public transport in metropolitan Helsinki. The accessibility and signalization of the transport platforms and stations were also taken in consideration and tested.
The public transport routes used for this study were chosen to go to or from some of the most popular tourist attractions in metropolitan Helsinki. The airport train and the train station at the airport were also tested since they are important to travelers and tourists alike, and also very recently built. The testing routes in general were chosen to suit the tourism perspective of the author’s studies and the city of Helsinki in particular was chosen because it is one of most popular cities for domestic and international tourists to visit in Finland. Marketing organizations Visit Finland and Visit Helsinki can benefit from the results. This Bachelor thesis offers the new point of view of user testing to the subject.
The primary sources for this study were Invalidiliitto (The Finnish Association of People with Physical Disabilities), association that functions within the community in such a way as to enable everyday life to be independent and fulfilling for people with physical disabilities (Invalidiliitto 2016) and the European Network for Accessible Tourism (ENAT), a non-profit information bank on the matters of accessible tourism in Europe (ENAT 2016)
According to the results low-floored public transport vehicles are accessible also for customer travelling alone. Vehicles with stairs are accessible when travelling with a helper. Accessibility of public transport stops and stations varies. Biggest challenge is the level difference and large gap between the vehicle and the station. However, Helsinki can be called reasonably accessible travel destination.
Other recent studies made on the subject of accessibility are Bachelor’s theses such as: Accessible Tourism : A Study of accessibility in Hotel Chains, Public Transport and Ferry Companies in Helsinki (Khatri, Kumar; Shrestha, Rajkumar; Mahat, Ujjwal, 2012), Istanbul Inspirations - Case: A Study on the Accessibility of Historical Attractions (Heiskanen, 2014) and The Accessibility of Cultural Attractions for All Senses in Kerava (Toivanen, Laine, 2015)
The research was conducted by qualitative approach means and the main research methods were semi-structured interviews, observation and documentation by camera and the use of test persons. Live testing with test people, were conducted on two separate days. Qualitative research was chosen because of the humane nature of this subject. It was also decided that qualitative method would be more fitting to find possible improvement points. Photography was used to document the testing and all photographs in this Bachelor’s thesis have been taken by the author. The study was mainly conducted between March and May 2016 even though the preparations were begun earlier.
Keywords: Accessibility, Helsinki, Urban tourism, Public transport, Test userTämän opinnäytetyön tavoite oli arvioida ja analysoida julkisten liikennevälineiden, pysäkkien ja asemien esteettömyyttä testikäyttäjän avulla Helsingin keskustassa. Testikäyttäjällä oli lastenvaunut, ja hän edustaa perhematkailua.
Julkisen liikenteen linjat valittiin tätä opinnäytetyötä varten siten, että niillä pääsee suosituille nähtävyyksille Helsingissä. Lentokenttäjuna ja lentokentän juna-asema testattiin myös, sillä ne ovat matkailun ja matkailijoiden kannalta merkittäviä sekä hiljattain rakennettuja. Kohteeksi valittiin Helsinki, koska se on maan suosituin matkakohde niin ulkomaisten kuin kotimaan matkailijoiden keskuudessa. Yleishyödyllinen opinnäytetyö tuloksineen voi hyödyttää matkailun markkinointiorganisaatioita Visit Finlandia ja Visit Helsinkiä vahvistamalla mielikuvaa käyttäjäystävällisestä ja esteettömästä kohteesta.
Tärkeimmät lähteet olivat Invalidiliitto, joka vaikuttaa Suomessa vammaisten ihmisten ihmisoikeuksien, yhdenvertaisten mahdollisuuksien ja hyvän arjen puolesta (Invalidiliitto 2016) sekä European Network for Accessible Tourism (Euroopan esteettömän matkailun järjestö, ENAT), voittoa tavoittelematon infopankki esteettömään matkailuun liittyvistä asioista (ENAT 2016).
Tämä tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisilla tutkimusmenetelmillä. Päätutkimusmenetelmät olivat teemahaastattelut, strukturoitu havainnointi, valokuvaaminen ja testikäyttäjän arvioinnit liikennevälineiden esteettömyydestä. Kaikki tämän opinnäytetyön valokuvat on ottanut kirjoittaja itse. Tutkimus suoritettiin pääasiassa maaliskuun ja toukokuun alun välissä 2016.
Tulosten mukaan Helsingin julkiset matalalattiaiset liikennevälineet ovat esteettömiä myös itsenäisesti liikkuvalle. Portaalliset liikennevälineet ovat esteettömiä avustajan kanssa liikuttaessa. Pysäkkien ja asemien esteettömyydessä on eroja. Suurin haaste on pysäkin ja liikennevälineen sisäänkäynnin välinen tasoero ja leveä rako. Helsinkiä voidaan kuitenkin pitää kohtuullisen esteettömänä matkailukohteena.
Esteetön matkailu ja kohteiden kehittäminen on ollut kiinnostava aihe viime vuosina. Esteettömästä matkailusta tehtyjä opinnäytetöitä ovat esimerkiksi Accessible Tourism: A Study of accessibility in Hotel Chains, Public Transport and Ferry Companies in Helsinki (Khatri, Kumar; Shrestha, Rajkumar; Mahat, Ujjwal, 2012) ja Istanbul Inspirations - Case: A Study on the Accessibility of Historical Attractions (Heiskanen, 2014) sekä The Accessibility of Cultural Attractions for All Senses in Kerava (Toivanen ja Laine, 2015).
Asiasanat: Esteettömyys, Helsinki, Kaupunkimatkailu, Julkinen liikenne, Testikäyttäj
