1,721,048 research outputs found
Exploration de la métacognition des médecins : démêler les liens entre la performance objective et la confiance subjective dans les connaissances médicales et les décisions cliniques prises dans l'incertitude
No full textLes médecins travaillent dans un environnement caractérisé par plusieurs facteurs : charges cognitive et émotionnelle, fatigue, stress, pression temporelle et incertitude. Des facteurs humains tels que certains phénomènes cognitifs et plus particulièrement une utilisation inappropriée d'heuristiques (provoquant des biais cognitifs) peuvent avoir un impact sur le raisonnement clinique et la prise de décision. Dans un tel contexte, un mécanisme essentiel pour assurer la qualité des soins et garantir la sécurité du patient pourrait résider dans l'évaluation pertinente de leurs propres choix par les médecins, se traduisant ainsi par un degré de confiance adéquat à l'égard de leurs connaissances médicales et des décisions prises en situation d'incertitude. Cette capacité humaine à réfléchir sur ses propres pensées, appelée métacognition, est classiquement évaluée en comparant la justesse des individus dans la réalisation d'une tâche avec les jugements de confiance rapportés par ces individus. Dans le contexte médical, la tâche consiste le plus souvent à résoudre des vignettes cliniques présentant des cas de patients. À ce jour, la majorité des études portant sur la confiance des cliniciens dans leurs performances sont conçues pour examiner et rapporter les résultats mettant en évidence le biais d'excès de confiance (surconfiance) des praticiens. Cependant, une étude de la littérature disponible révèle une approche théorique souvent biaisée et des failles expérimentales récurrentes qui se traduisent par une faible qualité des preuves en raison d'un manque d'intégration des idées et des recommandations issues de la recherche fondamentale plus contrôlée. Par ailleurs, au-delà de la mesure de calibration basée sur la simple comparaison entre la justesse globale et la confiance globale dans tous les essais pour chaque participant, un manque de recherche persiste concernant l'évaluation de la sensibilité métacognitive des cliniciens, définie comme leur capacité à faire la distinction entre leurs réponses correctes et incorrectes grâce à une différence significative de degrés de confiance rapportés. À travers une revue de la littérature et deux études expérimentales principales, ce projet de recherche vise à résumer, à améliorer la robustesse et à étendre notre compréhension de la métacognition des médecins. Ensemble, ces travaux ouvrent la voie à une étude plus rigoureuse de la capacité métacognitive des cliniciens afin de développer de nouvelles pistes d'action pratiques pour améliorer la prise de décision sous incertitude.Clinicians work in an environment characterized by several factors: cognitive and emotional load, fatigue, stress, time pressure, and uncertainty. Human factors and, more specifically, inappropriate use of heuristic strategies (causing cognitive biases), can impact clinical reasoning and decision-making. In such a context, a pivotal mechanism to ensure the quality of care and guarantee patients' safety might lie clinicians' thorough evaluation of their own choices, resulting in a relevant level of confidence towards their medical knowledge and decisions made under uncertainty. This human ability to think about one's thoughts is referred to as metacognition and is standardly assessed by comparing individuals' accuracy with confidence judgments in a designated task, classically patients' case-vignette in the medical context. To date, a majority of studies focusing on clinicians' confidence in their performance are designed to examine and report results highlighting practitioners' overconfidence bias. However, a study of the available literature reveals a frequently biased theoretical approach and recurring experimental pitfalls resulting in a weak quality of evidence due to a lack of integration of insights and recommendations from fundamental controlled research. Additionally, beyond the measure of calibration based on the simple comparison between global accuracy and global confidence across all trials for each participant, it is still unclear whether clinicians demonstrate metacognitive sensitivity, defined as their ability to discriminate between their correct and incorrect answers through significantly different reported levels of confidence. Throughout one scoping literature review and two main experimental projects, this research work aims at summarizing, improving the robustness and extending our understanding of clinicians' metacognition. Together, this research work paves the way for a more rigorous investigation of clinicians' metacognitive ability to develop new practical perspectives of action to support medical decision-making under uncertainty
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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