1,720,988 research outputs found
Replication Data for: Public Infrastructure and Economic Development: Evidence from Postal Systems
No full textWhile postal systems have been central to statebuilding efforts around the globe, their contributions to development are largely unclear. We argue that the post office affected economic development in both the short and long terms. To test our argument, we combine original data on the cross-national distribution of postal systems from 1875 to 2007 with granular county-level data in the U.S. from 1850 to 2000. In both country- and county-level analyses, we show that the spread of postal systems affected economic outcomes and persisted over the long term. The results are robust across dependent variables, model specifications, and estimation strategies. We provide additional evidence that suggests these effects were generated by reducing transaction costs and strengthening social capital. Our findings highlight the role of public infrastructure in promoting economic growth, documenting a channel through which state institutions precede growth, and suggest that statebuilding efforts have longstanding effects on relevant communities
Replication Data for: Primary Systems and Candidate Ideology: Evidence from Federal and State Legislative Elections
No full textReplication materials for Rogowski, Jon C., and Stephanie Langella. "Primary Systems and Candidate Ideology: Evidence from Federal and State Legislative Elections." American Politics Research
Replication Data for: Primary Systems and Candidate Ideology: Evidence from Federal and State Legislative Elections
No full textReplication materials for Rogowski, Jon C., and Stephanie Langella. "Primary Systems and Candidate Ideology: Evidence from Federal and State Legislative Elections." American Politics Research
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Do Republican Presidential Candidates Benefit from High Birth Rates? Putting the "Fertility Gap" to the Test
No full textDuring the 2004 election cycle, journalists discovered a correlation between state fertility rates and presidential election results. The media observed that states with high fertility rates tended to support George W. Bush, and states with low fertility rates tended to support Al Gore and John Kerry. This phenomenon came to be known as the "Fertility Gap."
After political pundits started discussing the Fertility Gap, a few scholars also picked up on the topic. To date, discussion of the Fertility Gap has been limited to elections between 2000 to 2012. A longitudinal study of the Fertility Gap has never been conducted.
This thesis seeks to fill this gap in the research by quantifying the relationship between state fertility rates and GOP margins of victory/defeat in presidential elections from 1940 to 2016. Its findings reveal that the GOP's current fertility advantage is not a product of George W. Bush's outreach towards evangelical parents (as some have speculated), but instead goes back much further in history. The thesis provides historical context for interpreting its findings, explaining how issues like school desegregation, the culture war, and Hispanic immigration may have affected the Fertility Gap over the years
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Legacies of Participation: How Civil Society and Petitions Shape Legislative Institutions, Public Policy, and Representation
No full textThis dissertation explores how mass civil society and political activism have helped shape legislative institutions, public policy, and representation. In each chapter, my co-authors and I leverage newly created datasets to investigate the historical links between mass political behavior, particularly by exercise of the right to petition enshrined in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the U.S. Congress.
The first essay, co-authored with Benjamin Schneer (Harvard Kennedy School), examines the link between mass civil society groups and policy outcomes by analyzing the opposition to national prohibition by German-American associations in the early twentieth century. Using historical club directories, petitioning activity, and newspaper directories to measure German-American civil society across time and geography, we find a rapid decline in organizational strength that coincided with anti-German hysteria and state-sponsored suppression efforts related to U.S. entry to World War I. We then compare two crucial votes on near-identical proposed constitutional amendments in the U.S. House of Representatives---the narrow defeat of the 1914 Hobson Prohibition amendment and the successful passage of the eventual Eighteenth Amendment in 1917---and find that efforts at suppression mattered most in districts where German-American organizational strength had previously been pivotal. We estimate that, without the suppression of German-American organizations, the Prohibition Amendment would not have passed the House of Representatives. Our findings add to an understanding of when and under what circumstances groups and organizations successfully influence public policy and provide a new explanation for the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment.
The second essay, co-authored with Benjamin Schneer, Maggie Blackhawk (NYU School of Law), and Daniel Carpenter (Harvard University), investigates committee formation in early American legislatures, which occurred at the same time as those assemblies were inundated with petitions. We present case studies and analyze original datasets of petitions sent to the Virginia House of Burgesses (1766--1769) and of petitions sent to the House of Representatives (1789--1875) to support our model-derived claims that petitions, complexity of their subject matter, and their geographic dispersion predict committee creation. Our theoretical argument helps reinterpret the entropy of political agendas and the origins of standing committees in American legislatures.
In the third essay, also co-authored with Benjamin Schneer, Maggie Blackhawk, and Daniel Carpenter, we introduce and analyze the Congressional Petitions Database (CPD), which tracks virtually every petition introduced to Congress from 1789 to 1949. We present analyses to show that Native Americans and women not only petitioned regularly, but also that the initial treatment of their respective petitions was similar to that of all others, thus offering systematic evidence of the petition serving as a mechanism for representation among otherwise unenfranchised groups
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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Essays on the Federal Judicial Hierarchy
No full textThis dissertation considers the multiple ways that the hierarchical structure of the U.S. federal judiciary constrains (or fails to constrain) judicial behavior. How much are lower court judges constrained by courts above them in the hierarchy and by their own colleagues? Political science research has considered the pressures under which federal judges operate, but has not come to a definitive conclusion about when and why these pressures affect lower court decision-making. The first paper considers whether judges on the Courts of Appeals respond to changes in the ideological compositions of the circuits on which they sit. I show that circuit judges are influenced by other members of their circuit; in fact, circuit and panel ideology are larger predictors of circuit judges' behavior than a judge's own ideology. I argue that this derives from an unusual institutional feature of the circuit courts, where circuit judges sitting on panels are bound by the precedential decisions of other panels. In the second paper, co-authored with Michael Olson, we investigate how changes in the composition of appellate court panels affects district court voting. District court judges face a much greater rate of review than do circuit court judges. We find that district court judges vote more liberally when they face more liberal circuits. Crucially, this is limited to district-years when the rate of appellate review is high; when it is low, district court judges are not affected by circuit ideology, suggesting that it is indeed the hierarchical structure of the federal courts that drives this responsiveness. In the third paper, I consider the relationship between the circuit courts and the Supreme Court by looking at resolved circuit splits. This work suggests that the Supreme Court's ability to constrain lower court behavior is limited by the low rate of review of circuit cases; only when the rate of review increases (after the first case in a circuit split) do we see any congruence between circuit court behavior and Supreme Court behavior
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