1,721,153 research outputs found
Outsourcing, offshoring and the global factory
No full textOutsourcing and offshoring are terms that are often used interchangeably, yet they refer to
different firm strategies and have different motivations. Outsourcing1 refers to the procurement by lead firms2 of goods and/or services from independent outside suppliers, when those goods and services had previously been provided internally within the firm. Outsourcing does not refer to one-off purchases, but involves the strategic decision to reject the vertical integration of an activity (Gilley & Rasheed, 2000; Grossman & Helpman, 2005). It is a process which involves the lead firm externalizing elements of its value chain,3 i.e. there is an organizational
fragmentation of production. For instance, an electronics goods manufacturer such as Sony might outsource the production of certain parts and components to local Japanese suppliers. Outsourcing thus involves a decision about ownership. In contrast, offshoring4 refers to the relocation of the production of goods and/or services overseas and thus involves an international fragmentation of production and the creation of global value chains (GVCs). For instance, Sony has, through the establishment of factories overseas, offshored the manufacture of many of its electronic products to North America, Europe, and elsewhere. Offshoring thus involves a location decision.
Outsourcing and offshoring are different processes, but they can be combined.5 Outsourced activities may be undertaken by suppliers located in the same country as the lead firm (domestic outsourcing), or may involve suppliers in foreign countries (offshore outsourcing). Thus when Apple contracts Foxconn to manufacture its iPads and iPhones in Asia, it is engaging in offshore outsourcing (Denicolai, Strange & Zucchella, 2015). Meanwhile, offshoring may be effected through offshore outsourcing, or when multinational enterprises (MNE) undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) and retain ownership of the offshored activities. As regards the temporal sequencing of the outsourcing and offshoring decisions, Mudambi and Venzin (2010) aver that there is no universal recommendation
The social irresponsibility of international business: A novel conceptualization
No full textPurpose - This chapter develops a novel conceptualization of corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) and identifies possible avenues for further research in the international business (IB) and related fields. Design/methodology/approach - A conceptual chapter examining the existing definitions of CSI and proposing a classification of irresponsible behaviours using an international law approach. Findings - The concept of CSI has been weakly conceptualized and measured so far. We improve this by distinguishing between unethical conduct bearing no direct impact on human rights and those behaviours that do entail a human rights impact. Next, we classify human rights abuses in two categories based on whether they entail the violation of a derogable or a non-derogable human right. Finally, we make a distinction between direct and indirect irresponsible actions. These distinctions are also illustrated empirically. Originality/value - This chapter bridges the gap between IB, management and international law research on human rights or else defined irresponsible behaviours. Our novel conceptualization of CSI can help to better address unanswered questions about factors driving CSI in IB firms
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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