1,720,958 research outputs found
Chemical control over the formation and reactivity of ultra-thin films and amino-terminated layers on silicon
No full textThe physical-chemical properties of several interfacial systems of technological relevance are investigated, having as a common goal the elucidation of strategies towards their atomic- and molecular-level control. Such systems can be classified in three groups: (i) ultra-thin films deposited using metalorganic precursors, (ii) metalorganic monolayers on silicon, and (iii) amine-functionalized silicon surfaces. Experimental, theoretical and chemometric methods are conveniently combined to gain a solid understanding of these systems. The ultra-thin films under investigation are titanium carbonitride (TiNC) and hafnium oxide (HfO2). Since these films may serve as substrates for deposition of other materials in circuit components, their surface chemistry needs to be understood and controlled in order to facilitate further deposition steps. The surface of a TiCN film is transformed to titanium nitride (TiN) through nitridation with ammonia; this compositional change can be reversed by the partial decomposition of ethylene molecules on the surface. The surface reactivity is observed to depend on the film composition, and therefore the method described above serves to reversibly tune the reactivity of Ti-based films. As for HfO2 films, it is found that the deposition temperature affects the degree of crystallinity of the films, which in turn affects their surface chemistry. Thus, together with a control of the composition, it is found that the reactivity of a film can be controlled precisely by controlling the crystallinity. The investigation of metalorganic monolayers on silicon surfaces was motivated by the need for understanding the first steps of metalorganic-based deposition of films, which is usually characterized by a heavy presence of contaminants that degrade the film properties. Through a combination of vibrational (infrared) spectroscopy and theoretical methods, a feasible pathway for the adsorption and decomposition of Ti[N(CH3)2]4 is found. This pathway starts with the ligand-mediated attachment of the precursor (through a N atom), followed by dissociation of a metal-ligand bond. In addition, the C-H bond is broken, possibly forming Si-C bonds and causing carbon incorporation. This model is found to be rather robust and to adequately describe other types of metalorganic precursors. It allows establishing a generalized model able to explain the success or failure of a metalorganic precursor chemistry for film deposition. Finally, amine-functionalized silicon surfaces are considered as prototypical systems where the spatial distribution of adsorbates and the control over the reactivity of surface sites can be investigated. The spatial distribution of molecules is investigated at the atomic level by considering the saturation of a Si(100) surface with NH3. It is found that the distribution of (Si)NH2 species can be controlled thermally and, more importantly, that during thermal decomposition N inserts into the substrate in manners that minimize the arising strain. When the surface is covered with NH 3 or with organic amines, its chemical behavior is determined by the basicity of the molecule functionalizing the surface. The precise tuning of the reactivity (basicity) of surface sites opens the doors for highly controllable, selective reactions. Although these results are obtained from rather fundamental grounds, their interpretation is often translated into manners in which technological applications can be improved. Further directions worth exploring emanated from this work are outlined and discussed. Ultimately, this work intends to highlight the current importance of surface physical chemistry in the continuous development of modern society through the improvement of its technology
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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