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Authoritarianism, Gender and Managerial Identity in Chile
No full textThis paper aims to discuss the role of authoritarianism in promoting gender roles and shaping managerial identity in Chile, and its implications in the promotion of male heteronormativity. Using an analytical framework that links political economy and sociological theories of gender identity, the paper will discuss the impact of historical authoritarianism in Chilean employment relations on the articulation of managerial identities. In general, both the impact of authoritarian regimes on society, and the relationship between authoritarianism and gender need more discussion. In the case of the former, Jensen (2003) notes that discussions on the effects of democracy on macroeconomic performance suggest that authoritarian regimes facilitate the development of multinational organisations 'due to lack of popular pressure from below, and the repression of unions' (p. 593). This could also be taken as a possible explanation to authoritarian styles being a desirable trait of managerial identities. Since they seem consistent with organisational aims of operating without regulation and pressures from workers' groups but rather controlling internal and external environments, through authoritarianism, managers reinforce their roles as agents of organisational control. In the case of the latter, some research has been conducted in psychology that has identified a negative relationship between authoritarianism and dimensions of diversity (see for example, Duncan et al., 1997) yet literature addressing authoritarianism with gender from a sociological perspective and linked with organisational identities, remain scarce. In Chile, this discussion is particularly relevant given that patterns that have historically shaped employment relations perpetuate distinctions based on power, authority and class and can be identified in organisations. The managerial role in Chile is highly masculinised, characterised by transactional leadership, benevolent paternalism and strict hierarchical structures. Authoritarian behaviours are considered to be a central trait of managers in Chile (Rodriguez, in press; Rodriguez & Gomez, 2009, Gomez & Rodriguez, 2006), where it is understood that managers are bosses and workers are subordinates. Chilean managers are considered to be self-centred, impose their points of view and world vision and understandings, and inconsiderate of workers' opinions and experiences. This is supported by hierarchical structures that place importance on legitimising power and authority as means of organisational control and that see employment relations as a conflict management exercise of dichotomous positioning, with employers on one side and workers at the other. However, these structures cannot be taken as organisational products or unique organisational features. Political regimes have an undeniable impact on organisational dynamics. For instance, when discussing the interaction between institutional, social, and cultural dimensions and their impact on organisational forms and employment relations, Smith (2005) argues that political economy has an effect on work practices as the latter emerge from common social relations or purposes (p. 612). It could be argued that this positions employers and workers to perform patterns of social relations that fulfil the expectations of these relations and ways of working. Organisational dynamics in Chile are an example of this. Two main events are considered to be fundamental in shaping authoritarian managerial behaviour in Chilean organisations: the hacienda in the 18th century and the military regime in the 20th century. It is argued that authoritarianism in Chile has its origins in the 'hacienda' (Godoy, 1986) where employment relations developed around two roles: the protective 'superior' (landlord) and the loyal subordinate (peasant). This promoted a power-based system of relationships that saw 'the patron' as an ambivalent figure; abusive but also protective (Gomez & Rodriguez, 2006). Workers, on the other hand, became submissive figures, where loyalty and personal sacrifice to the employer are pillars of employment relations. These dynamics were strengthened during Pinochet's dictatorship; practices and the general nature of the military regime are considered to be fundamental in shaping current employment relations structures in Chile (Walker, 2003). During the military regime, societal identity was fragmented due to the systematic silencing, oppression and subjugation individuals were subjected to as part of the loss of democratic liberties and general violation of basic human rights (Hirschman, 1979). As a result, power distance (see Hofstede, 1980) increased with employers gaining total control of organisations and managers becoming omnipotent figures of authority. There are many implications to this, and one of the most important which will be addressed in this paper is how authoritarian managerial styles promote male heteronormativity. The strength of the dichotomy produced by the gender binary results not only in non-heterosexual identities being seen as unnatural and organisationally awkward, but also fix managerial identities within traditional notions that perpetuate polarised gender identities. In the Chilean case, as I have argued elsewhere (see Gomez & Rodriguez, 2006), authoritarianism is a general criterion for 'organising' yet within the order it establishes, hierarchies of authority are also created based on gender, ethnic background, age, socio-economic background, educational background, etc. However, the intricacies of these hierarchies of authority have not been fully explored. References Bergeron, S. (2001) Political Economy Discourses of Globalisation and Feminist Politics, Signs: Globalisation and Gender, 26(4): 983-1006. Duncan, L.E., B.E. Peterson & D.G. Winter (1997) Authoritarianism and Gender Roles: Toward a Psychological Analysis of Hegemonic Relationships, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(1): 41-49. Gomez, C.F. & Rodriguez, J.K. (2006) Four Approximations to Chilean Culture: Authoritarianism, Legalism, Fatalism and Compadrazgo, Asian Journal of Latin American Studies, Hirschman, A.O. (1979) The turn to authoritarianism in Latin America and the search for its economic determinants, in D. Collier (Ed), The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 61-98. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Jensen, N.M. (2003) Democratic Governance and Multinational Corporations: Political Regimes and Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment, International Organisation, 57(3): 587-616. Rodriguez, J.K. (in press) Employment Relations in Chile: Evidence of HRM Practices, Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations. Rodriguez, J.K. & Gomez, C.F. (2009) HRM in Chile: the impact of organizational culture, Employee Relations, 31(1): 276-294. Smith, C. (2005) Beyond Convergence and Divergence: Explaining Variations in Organisational Practices and Forms, in S. Ackroyd, R. Batt, P. Thompson and P. S. Tolbert (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Work & Organisation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 602-625. Walker, F. (2003) Breve Analisis de algunas de las recientes reformas en material de relaciones individuales del Trabajo introducidas por la Ley Num. 19.759 de 2001 al Codigo del Trabajo chileno, in P. Kurczyn Villalobos & C.A. Puig Hernandez Coords), Estudios jurídicos en homenaje al doctor Nestor de Buen Lozano, Mexico, DF: UNAM, 799-818
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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