14 research outputs found
Dewatering biosolids from a milk processing plant: Agricultural fibers as flocculant aids and ultrafiltration membrane concentration
No full textBiosolids constitute a large portion of the total organic wastes produced by food plants each year. Disposal of these solids is a significant environmental problem. Biosolids contain between 30 and 45% protein; therefore, they can be recycled as animal food.To prevent microbial spoilage and decrease transportation costs, biosolids need to be dewatered and dried to 90% total solids (TS). Commercial dewatering equipment requires polymer to effectively separate biosolids from water. Most polymers contain acrylamide, which has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. In this study, ferric chloride (FeCl\sb 3) was tested as a coagulant aid for biosolids coagulation and agricultural fibrous materials were evaluated for their ability to flocculate biosolids. Also, ultrafiltration (UF) membrane biosolids dewatering, without polymer, was investigated.Biosolids coagulation with FeCl\sb 3 showed that specific resistance to filtration (SRF) decreased from 3.32 Tm/kg at no FeCl\sb 3, addition to 0.35 Tm/kg at 3,000 mg FeCl\sb 3/L of biosolids; SRF values below 1 Tm/kg is indicative of good coagulation. A concentration of 200 mg FeCl\sb 3/L of biosolids was recommended to be acceptable from the standpoint of using the material as an animal food supplement.From all the agricultural fibers tested, wood fiber, oat fiber and corn pericarp resulted in better biosolids flocculation compared to corn gluten and corn germ. Highest filter yield was obtained at 40 g corn pericarp/L of biosolids; whereas, filter yield continued to increase with increasing oat fiber concentration above 60 g fiber/L of biosolids.Ceramic MF membranes, with 2 mm x 2 mm flow channel dimension, could not be used for biosolids dewatering, since blockage of the membrane flow channel occurred at biosolids concentration above 3% TS. However, biosolids were successfully dewatered from 1.5 to 6% TS with tubular, PVDF, UF membranes. Highest permeate flux was obtained at 103 kPa transmembrane pressure and 3.89 m/s cross flow velocity at constant biosolids temperature (27\sp\circC). UF membranes produced permeate of superior quality since they retained all suspended solids and permeate chemical oxygen demand was low enough (below 100 mg/L) to be discharged directly into municipal sewer system.Biosolids total nitrogen (TN) increased with increasing biosolids concentration during UF membrane biosolids dewatering. TN increased from 6.95 g N/100 g biosolids (db) at 2% TS to 7.1 g N/100 g biosolids (db) at 5.5% TS when biosolids were dried at 50\sp\circC. Available nitrogen (AN) of raw and concentrated biosolids were similar; AN was 2.3 g N/100 g biosolids (db) at 50\sp\circC drying temperature. AN of both raw and concentrated biosolids increased from 2.3 to 3.2 g N/100 g biosolids (db) with an increase in drying temperature from 50 to 150\sp\circC.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T13:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Modeling Drying Isotherms Using A Structure Transition Model
No full textDrying introduces structural changes in the target material that modify its interaction with water. In this work, we developed a model based on star fruit drying that considered two forms of interaction with water. This model provided a very good fit to the experimental data and was applicable to drying of other products such as apple, barley, and coffee. This model yielded better fits for data reported in the literature than other models. These findings suggest that the model is applicable to a wide range of systems. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.31910081019Fellows, P., (2000) Food Processing Technology Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLMao, S.W., Srzednicki, G., Driscoll, R.H., Modeling of drying of selected varieties of australian peanuts (2012) Drying Technology, 30 (16), pp. 1890-1895Neto, M.M., Robl, F., Netto, J.C., Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in six dialysis patients? (Preliminary report) (1998) Nephrology Dialisis Transplantation, 13 (3), pp. 570-572Chang, J.M., Hwang, S.J., Kuo, H.T., Tsai, J.C., Guh, J.Y., Chen, H.C., Tsai, J.H., Lai, Y.H., Fatal outcome after ingestion of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in uremic patients (2000) American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 35 (2), pp. 189-193Provasi, M., Oliveira, C.E., Martino, M.C., Pessini, L.G., Bazotte, R.B., Cortez, D.A.G., Avaliação da toxicidade e do potencial antihiperglicemiante da Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) (2001) Acta Scientiarum, 23 (3), pp. 665-669Baldini, V.L.S., Draeta, I.S., Nomura, E.H., Avaliação bioquímica de carambola (Averrhoa carambola, L.) (1982) Coletânea do ITAL, 12, pp. 283-291Bispo, J.A.C., Bonafe, C.F.S., de Souza, V.B., Silva, J.B.A., Carvalho, G.B.M., Extending the kinetic solution of the classic Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme action (2011) Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 49 (9), pp. 1976-1995Bispo, J.A.C., Bonafe, C.F.S., Koblitz, M.G.B., Silva, C.G.S., Souza, A.R., Substrate and enzyme concentration dependence of the Henri-Michaelis-Menten model probed by numerical simulation (2013) Journal of Mathematical Chemistry, 51, pp. 144-152Page, G., (1949) Factors Influencing the Maximum Rates of Air-Drying Shelled Corn in Thin Layers, , Purdue University, Lafayatte, INKarathanos, V.T., Determination of water content of dried fruits by drying kinetics (1999) Journal of Food Engineering, 39 (4), pp. 337-344Verma, L.R., Bucklin, R.A., Endan, J.B., Wratten, F.T., Effects of drying air parameters on rice drying models (1985) Transactions of the ASAE, 28 (1), pp. 296-301Chen, X.D., Lin, S.X.Q., Air drying of milk droplet under constant and time-dependent conditions (2005) AIChE Journal, 51 (6), pp. 1790-1799Putranto, A., Chen, X.D., Roasting of barley and coffee modeled using the lumped-reaction engineering approach (L-REA) (2012) Drying Technology, 30 (5), pp. 475-483Lin, S.X.Q., Chen, X.D., A model for drying of an aqueous lactose droplet using the reaction engineering approach (2006) Drying Technology, 24 (11), pp. 1329-1334Putranto, A., Chen, X.D., Modeling intermittent drying of wood under rapidly varying temperature and humidity conditions with the lumped reaction engineering approach (L-REA) (2012) Drying Technology, 30 (14), pp. 1658-1665O'Callagh, J.R., Menzies, D.J., Bailey, P.H., Digital simulation of agricultural drier performance (1971) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 16 (3), pp. 223-244Baini, R., Langrish, T.A.G., Choosing an appropriate drying model for intermittent and continuous drying of bananas (2007) Journal of Food Engineering, 79 (1), pp. 330-343Xu, G., Weber, G., Dynamics and time-averaged chemical potential of proteins: importance in oligomer association (1982) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 79 (17), pp. 5268-5271Weber, G., Phenomenological description of the association of protein subunits subjected to conformational drift. Effects of dilution and of hydrostatic pressure (1986) Biochemistry, 25 (12), pp. 3626-3631Weber, G., (1992) Protein Interactions, , Chapman & Hall, New YorkBispo, J.A.C., Bonafe, C.F.S., Joekes, I., Martinez, E.A., Carvalho, G.B.M., Norberto, D.R., Entropy and volume change of dissociation in tobacco mosaic virus probed by high pressure (2012) Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 166, pp. 14817-14828Velic, D., Planinic, M., Tomas, S., Bilic, M., Influence of airflow velocity on kinetics of convection apple drying (2004) Journal of Food Engineering, 64 (1), pp. 97-102Henderson, S.M., Pabis, S., Grain drying theory: IV. The effect of air flow rate on the drying index (1962) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 7 (1), pp. 85-89Claussen, I.C., Ustad, T.S., Strommen, I., Waide, P.M., Atmospheric freeze drying-A review (2007) Drying Technology, 25 (4-6), pp. 947-957Wolff, E., Gibert, H., Part 2. Modeling drying kinetics using adsorption isotherms (1990) Drying Technology, 8 (2), pp. 405-428. , Atmosphericfreeze-dryingJangam, S.V., Joshi, V.S., Mujumdar, A.S., Thorat, B.N., Studies on dehydration of sapota (Achras zapota) (2008) Drying Technology, 26 (3), pp. 369-377Sharaf-Eldeen, Y.I., Blaisdell, J.L., Hamdy, M.Y., A model for ear corn drying (1980) Transactions of the ASAE, 23 (5), pp. 1261-1265Monod, J., Wyman, J., Changeux, J.P., On the nature of allosteric transitions: A plausible model (1965) Journal of Molecular Biology, 12 (1), pp. 88-118Akanbi, C.T., Adeyemi, R.S., Ojo, A., Drying characteristics and sorption isotherm of tomato slices (2006) Journal of Food Engineering, 73 (2), pp. 157-163Fabra, M.J., Talens, P., Moraga, G., Martinez-Navarrete, N., Sorption isotherm and state diagram of grapefruit as a tool to improve product processing and stability (2009) Journal of Food Engineering, 93 (1), pp. 52-5
The decline of diadromous fish in Western Europe inland waters: mains causes and consequence
No full textRelative to the overwhelming information available on marine fisheries, inland systems have received less attention within the global fisheries crisis. The present
situation however, raises serious concerns and this chapter is an attempt to summarize the status of Western European inland fisheries focused on some of the most valuable species targeted in Western Europe: diadromous fishes, including shads, salmonids and the European eel. These species have been reported to be declining over the last decades and the underlying causes appear to be related with human impact on habitat, water quality deterioration, river regularizations, introduction of invasive species, and overexploitation whereas the effects of climate change are still under debate. Overall, these species not only have economic importance but also play fundamental ecological roles in inland aquatic habitats including nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics and overall productivity. Consequently, a decline of migratory fish populations may have important direct and future consequences on the economy. Nevertheless, it also means that fewer species are present to perform critical functions and the consequences may be severe when species with disproportionately influence on biogeochemical cycles, energy fluxes and trophic dynamics are lost. In view of this, the sustainable future of inland fisheries will certainly include a compromise with biodiversity maintenance. Since for
different species and types of habitat the major impacts differ, some case studies are examined and management proposals are discussed
Author Correction: One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains
No full textLocal hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin
No full textTree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures
One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains
No full textAmazonia’s floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region’s floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon’s tree diversity and its function
The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora
No full textWe describe the geographical variation in tree species composition across Amazonian forests and show how environmental conditions are associated with species turnover. Our analyses are based on 2023 forest inventory plots (1 ha) that provide abundance data for a total of 5188 tree species. Within-plot species composition reflected both local environmental conditions (especially soil nutrients and hydrology) and geographical regions. A broader-scale view of species turnover was obtained by interpolating the relative tree species abundances over Amazonia into 47,441 0.1-degree grid cells. Two main dimensions of spatial change in tree species composition were identified. The first was a gradient between western Amazonia at the Andean forelands (with young geology and relatively nutrient-rich soils) and central–eastern Amazonia associated with the Guiana and Brazilian Shields (with more ancient geology and poor soils). The second gradient was between the wet forests of the northwest and the drier forests in southern Amazonia. Isolines linking cells of similar composition crossed major Amazonian rivers, suggesting that tree species distributions are not limited by rivers. Even though some areas of relatively sharp species turnover were identified, mostly the tree species composition changed gradually over large extents, which does not support delimiting clear discrete biogeographic regions within Amazonia
Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research
No full textBiodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost
Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora
No full textUsing 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution
