132,793 research outputs found
Estimating selection pressures on HIV-1 using phylogenetic likelihood models
No full textHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) can rapidly evolve due to selection pressures exerted by HIV-specific immune responses, antiviral agents, and to allow the virus to establish infection in different compartments in the body. Statistical models applied to HIV-1 sequence data can help to elucidate the nature of these selection pressures through comparisons of non-synonymous (or amino acid changing) and synonymous (or amino acid preserving) substitution rates. These models also need to take into account the non-independence of sequences due to their shared evolutionary history. We review how we have developed these methods and have applied them to characterize the evolution of HIV-1 in vivo. To illustrate our methods, we present an analysis of compartment-specific evolution of HIV-1 em) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and of site-to-site variation in the gag gene of subtype C HIV-1. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Alien Registration- Rodrigue, Jeanne D\u27Ard (Jackman, Somerset County)
No full texthttps://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/6840/thumbnail.jp
Review of "Trois adolescents d���autrefois: Rodrigue (Le Cid), Agn��s (L�����cole des femmes) et Hippolyte (Ph��dre)" by Patrick Dandrey.
No full textPatrick Dandrey. Trois adolescents d���autrefois: Rodrigue (Le Cid), Agn��s (L�����cole des femmes) et Hippolyte (Ph��dre). Paris: Honor�� Champion, 2021. 204 pp. 23,70���. Review by Sara Wellman, University of Mississippi
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Effets des procédures d\u27orientation sur la division sexuée de l\u27orientation
No full textEn quoi la procédure d\u27orientation participe aux écarts constatés dans le choix de filière des filles et des garçons ? Comment les différences liées au sexe s\u27articulent avec la catégorie sociale dans laquelle s\u27inscrivent les élèves ? Est-ce que les équipes éducatives sélectionnent les élèves sur des critères strictement académiques ? En quoi la procédure d\u27orientation contribue-t-elle aux phénomènes d\u27auto-censure et d\u27auto sélection
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
L'exil ou la logique des rapports Afrique-Europe dans trans'aheliennes de Rodrigue Norman
No full textAfrican literature in french expression has for long presented exile and travel as factors that contribute to the individuals emancipation. Contrary to this approach, Rodrigue Norman, in his play Trans’ahéliennesdepicts exile from a negative perspective. He rather associates the two factors (travel and exile) with perversity, hardships that impact the life of the African as a migrant in Europe. These positions give himthe opportunity to suggest a new approach to Africa and Europe relationships, and towards the motivation of the migrant as far as travel and exile are concerned. La littérature africaine d’expression française a longtemps présenté l’exil et le voyage comme des facteurs qui participent à l’enrichissement de l’individu. Contrairement à cette approche, Rodrigue Norman, dans sa pièce de théâtre Trans’ahéliennes, aborde la question de l’exil sous un angle négatif. Il y dénonce les perversités, les duretés des conditions d’existence de l’immigré africain en Europe. Ceci lui permet de proposer une autre lecture des rapports entre l’Afrique et l’Europe, des fondements du voyage et l’exil
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