82 research outputs found
Flying together towards EFL teacher development as language learners and professionals through genre writing
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2009This qualitative study on the inter-relation between English as a Foreign Language Teacher Education (EFLTE) and the teaching of writing follows, mainly, the theoretical-methodological approach of Socio-discursive Interactionism (Bronckart, 2003, 2006, 2008a and his followers). Its general objective is to investigate in what aspects and to what extent an interventionist practice concerning the teaching of writing can contribute to EFL teachers development as language learners and professionals. Specifically, the aims of this study are: a) to identify which elements related to the language capacities of action, discursive and linguistic-discursive can be taught for the writing of an academic summary (AS); b) to investigate in what aspects and to what extent the process of writing an AS by means of a didactic sequence (DS) can contribute to teachers development; c) to investigate in what aspects and to what extent the process of planning a DS to the teaching of writing of specific genres can contribute to the teachers' development; and d) to investigate which individual representations were constructed during the processes of writing an AS and planning DS for the teaching of writing specific genres. Four main sets of data are analyzed: a corpus of ten ASs produced by the participant-teachers of an EFLTE course, participant-teachers DS plans, and participant-teachers direct self-confrontation texts. The results of the analysis of each set of data reveals that: 1) the elements related to the three language capacities to be studied for writing an AS should be: the thematic content and context of production of the academic article, descriptive type of sequence and theoretical type of discourse, affirmative sentences, present simple tense and present passive, nominal group, nominal and pronominal anaphora, logic modalization, connectors and reporting verbs; 2) the participants substantially developed as language learners, since they made considerable progress in the three language capacities from the first to the last AS versions; 3) the participants knowledge development related to the three language capacities in the task of planning DSs was partially adequate. Crossing the results from the second and third sets of data with the teaching knowledge base dimensions (Richards, 1998), named Theories of Teaching, Teaching Skills, Communication Skills, Pedagogical Knowledge Skills and Decision Making and Contextual Knowledge reveals that the participants developed in the six dimensions; 4) the participants also developed in the reflective dimensions named Epistemological, Ontological, Pedagogical, Linguistic and Axiological. The overall findings, therefore, reveal that a genre-based perspective for the teaching of writing through the use of the procedure of DS can be seen as an adequate theoretical, methodological and reflexive mechanism for EFLTE.Este estudo qualitativo sobre a inter-relação entre formação de professores de inglês como língua estrangeira e ensino de escrita segue, principalmente, a abordagem teórico-metodológica do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (Bronckart, 2003; 2006; 2008a e seus seguidores). Seu objetivo geral é investigar em que aspectos e até que ponto uma prática intervencionista relacionada ao ensino de escrita pode contribuir no desenvolvimento de professores de Inglês como língua estrangeira como aprendizes e profissionais. Especificamente, este estudo objetiva: a) identificar quais elementos relacionados às capacidades de linguagem de ação, discursiva e lingüístico-discursiva podem ser ensinados na escrita de um resumo acadêmico (RA); b) investigar de que forma e até que ponto o processo de escrita de um RA através do procedimento de sequência didática (SD) pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de professores; c) investigar de que forma e até que ponto o processo de planejamento de uma SD para o ensino de escrita pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de professores; e d) investigar que representações individuais foram construídas durante o processo de escrita de um RA e planejamento de uma SD para ensino de escrita de gêneros específicos. Quatro conjuntos de dados são analisados: um corpus de dez RAs, resumos acadêmicos produzidos por professores de inglês participantes de um curso de formação continuada, planos de SD dos professores participantes, e textos de auto-confrontação simples dos participantes. Os resultados da análise de cada conjunto de dados mostram que: 1) os elementos, relacionados às três capacidades de linguagem, a serem estudados na escrita de RAs devem ser: o conteúdo temático e o contexto de produção do artigo acadêmico, tipo de sequência descritiva e tipo de discurso teórico, orações afirmativas, presente simples e voz passiva no presente, grupo nominal e anáfora nominal e pronominal, modalização lógica, conectores e verbos de dizer; 2) os participantes se desenvolveram substancialmente como aprendizes da língua inglesa, pois progrediram consideravelmente nas três capacidades de linguagem da primeira à última versão dos RAs; 3) o desenvolvimento dos participantes com relação às três capacidades de linguagem na tarefa de planejamento de SDs foi parcialmente adequado. O cruzamento dos dados do segundo e terceiro conjuntos com as seis dimensões básicas de conhecimento de ensino (Richards, 1998), nomeadamente, Teorias de Ensino, Habilidades de Ensino, Habilidades de Comunicação, Habilidades Pedagógicas e Poder de Decisão e Conhecimento do Contexto revela que os participantes se desenvolveram nas seis dimensões; 4) os participantes também se desenvolveram nas dimensões reflexivas Epistemológica, Ontológica, Pedagógica, Linguística e Axiológica. Os resultados gerais deste estudo revelam que uma perspectiva de ensino de escrita baseada em gêneros textuais através do procedimento de SD pode ser um mecanismo teórico, metodológico e reflexivo adequado para o desenvolvimento de professores de inglês como língua estrangeira
Pension schemes and labor supply in the formal and informal sector
No full textThis paper analyzes the participation path of workers in the formal and informal sectors throughout their lives and their pension eligibilities, as well as how the social security scheme can change the aforementioned participation path. High levels of informality have impacts on the benefits that workers receive, especially their pension benefits. I use Argentinean panel data from 1995 to 2008 to construct a structural discrete choice model which estimates the population's labor path and their pension eligibilities. I find evidence that low-educated workers have difficulties to obtain a pension by the age of 65 and even by age 70. Policy experiments show that if the parameters are fixed as in the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) model, there is a slight reduction in the years worked in the formal sector and the percentage of workers who obtain a Full pension. If the pension requirements (minimum age and years contributing) are stricter, there is an increase in the years spent in the formal sector but it is not sufficient to achieve the benchmark level of pension coverage. If the requirements are looser, there is a reduction in the amount of time spent in formality to contribute up to the new threshold
Policy implications of suboptimal choice: theory and evidence: misperceptions about tax audits
No full textFor some entities, such as self-employed individuals reporting income taxes or firms reporting value-added taxes, the optimal evasion rate depends substantially on audit features like audit probabilities and penalty rates (Allingham and Sandmo 1972). Whereas it is easy for firms to find other important information such as inflation rates or exchange rates, it is difficult to find information about the probability of being audited and penalty rates. Indeed, Bérgolo et al. (2017) show evidence that firms have large misperceptions about these audit features.1 In this paper, we expand their analysis to explore the sources of these misperceptions.Fil: Bérgolo, Marcelo. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Ceni, Rodrigo. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Cruces, Guillermo Antonio. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Departamento de Ciencias Económicas. Centro de Estudios Distributivos Laborales y Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Giaccobasso, Matias. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados UnidosFil: Perez Truglia, Ricardo. University of California at Los Angeles; Estados Unido
Informality and government enforcement in Latin America
No full textEste artículo analiza como la informalidad responde a la calidad del enforcement aplicado por el gobierno y la calidad de los beneficios que los trabajadores formales reciben en los distintos países de América Latina. Son comparados países con diferentes niveles de informalidad, resaltando particularmente aquellas características que pueden explicar esta heterogeneidad. Se desarrolla un modelo de equilibrio general, donde el gobierno elige el nivel de enforcement y los beneficios que los trabajadores formales recibirán maximizando la utilidad de los trabajadores sujeto a su restricción presupuestal. Las empresas eligen la proporción de trabajadores formales e informales a contratar y los hogares que proporción de horas trabajaran en la formalidad e informalidad. Se estiman los principales parámetros del modelo, de la función de producción, y de la función de calidad del enforcement y los beneficios para cinco países: Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Perú y Uruguay. Las diferencias en las funciones de calidad del enforcement del gobierno y de los beneficios explican en gran parte la heterogeneidad encontrada. Así como las multas que se aplican a las empresas que incumplen las normativas
Caracterización socioeconómica de las personas con privaciones habitacionales : un abordaje de los usuarios de la red de refugios de Montevideo
No full textThe aim of this research is to assess the homeless’ characteristics in Montevideo, pointing out in their capacity to link with the community. Given the capabilities and functioning framework developed by Amartya Sen, we analyze the multidimensionality poverty and the social exclusion. Even if these individuals share the fact that they have slept at least one night during the winter in a homeless’ shelter, there are many differences in their functionings. We carried out a survey in a representative day in the winter of 2005, with socio economic questions, and also we implement a Rorschach’s test. The main results are: even if their income is below to the poverty line, they do not present high levels of extreme poverty respect to their income. They have extremely weak primary affective links and many difficulties to have a job. Finally, there are differences between males and females respect to their labor market performance and their homelessness’ path.socioeconomic characteristics, homeless, Capability approach, Rorschach’s test.
Caracterización socioeconómica de las personas con privaciones habitacionales : un abordaje de los usuarios de la red de refugios de Montevideo
No full textThe aim of this research is to assess the homeless’ characteristics in Montevideo, pointing out in their capacity to link with the community. Given the capabilities and functioning framework developed by Amartya Sen, we analyze the multidimensionality poverty and the social exclusion. Even if these individuals share the fact that they have slept at least one night during the winter in a homeless’ shelter, there are many differences in their functionings. We carried out a survey in a representative day in the winter of 2005, with socio economic questions, and also we implement a Rorschach’s test. The main results are: even if their income is below to the poverty line, they do not present high levels of extreme poverty respect to their income. They have extremely weak primary affective links and many difficulties to have a job. Finally, there are differences between males and females respect to their labor market performance and their homelessness’ path. Esta investigación indaga las características de las personas usuarias de la red de refugios de Montevideo (“personas en situación de calle”), poniendo especial acento en su capacidad de vinculación con la comunidad. Desde el enfoque de las capacidades y funcionamientos de Sen, se trabajan los conceptos de pobreza multidimensional y exclusión social. Más allá de los elementos comunes concernientes a la situación habitacional —dormir en un refugio—, existen diferencias entre estas personas en algunos aspectos relacionales que afectan su capacidad para funcionar. A los efectos se realizó una encuesta representativa de un día de vida promedio en los refugios entre los meses de julio y setiembre de 2005, orientada a relevar información de las características socioeconómicas de estas personas y se aplicó a cada persona un test de Rorschach. Los principales resultados indican que las personas en situación de calle, si bien se ubican bajo la línea de pobreza, no presentan niveles altos de pobreza extrema en ingresos cuando, por definición, constituyen una población privada de manera extrema en los aspectos habitacionales. Por otro lado se identifican niveles de deterioro importante en los vínculos primarios y una débil inserción laboral. Finalmente, existen diferencias entre varones y mujeres en las características que presentan la inserción laboral y el recorrido que éstos realizan por la callesocioeconomic characteristics, homeless, Capability approach, Rorschach’s test.
Preferencias adaptativas y capacidades. El caso de los sin techo en Montevideo
No full textThe aim of this research is observe the links between the monetary poverty, deprivation on attachment, and the develop of adaptive preferences. We work with a sample of individuals who have slept at least one night during 2005 winter in the Montevideo's shelter net, collecting socioeconomic and psycologic information through a specific survey and the Rorschach test. The fuzzy set methodology allows us to asses our questions improving the dichotomy measures. We find evidence about the develop of adaptive preference in these individuals, and we assess the question if it is the life in the shelters one of the main reasons why the individuals adapt their preference respect to the feasibility of the life far of this protection. El objetivo de este trabajo es observar los vínculos entre la pobreza monetaria, las privaciones vinculares, la condición psicológica y el desarrollo de preferencias adaptativas. La población considerada es la usuaria de la red de refugios de Montevideo: se utilizan datos socioeconómicos que surgen de la aplicación de la Encuesta de Caracterización de las Personas en Situación de Calle e información psicológica que se obtiene a partir de la aplicación del test de Rorschach. Sen (1992) plantea que evaluar el bien-estar a partir de los enfoques basados en la felicidad y la satisfacción del deseo presenta dificultades al omitir los condicionamientos mentales que en diversos estados se producen, situación que en términos de Elster conllevaría al desarrollo de preferencias adaptativas. Las personas en situación de calle, al tiempo que presentan una privación por su situación habitacional, son susceptibles de desarrollar preferencias adaptativas al ser reconocidas como iguales sólo por aquellos que se encuentran en similar situación de exclusión, en tanto la comunidad las reconoce en sus prácticas y discursos como marginales. El test de Rorschach, técnica proyectiva de base psicoanalítica, es operacionalizado a través de un conjunto de dimensiones que permiten generar categorías: el movimiento, el color y la forma. Por su parte, la encuesta recaba información socio-económica a través de la reconstrucción de las trayectorias vinculares, habitacionales y laborales de cada persona. La articulación y combinación de ambas técnicas permite construir indicadores para identificar el desarrollo de preferencias adaptativas a través de la metodología de conjuntos difusos. Se concluye que estas personas, si bien son un grupo privado en sí mismo, dada su situación habitacional, no presentan privaciones extremas de medios al compararlos con otros grupos vulnerables. Sin embargo, se notan importantes niveles de privación en dimensiones tales como la inserción laboral, la creatividad potencial para desarrollar estrategias de salida a situaciones adversas, y la manera en que integran la afectividad a su vida cotidiana.adaptive preferences, homeless, fuzzy sets, Rorschach’s test
Preferencias adaptativas y capacidades: El caso de los sin techo en Montevideo
No full textThe aim of this research is observe the links between the monetary poverty, deprivation on attachment, and the develop of adaptive preferences. We work with a sample of individuals who sleep in the Montevideo's shelter net, collecting socioeconomic and psycologic information through a specific survey and the Rorschach test. We find evidence about the develop of adaptive preference in these individuals, and we assess the question if it is the life in the shelters one of the main reasons why the individuals adapt their preference respect to the feasibility of the life far of this protection.El objetivo de este trabajo es observar los vínculos entre la pobreza monetaria, las privaciones vinculares, y el desarrollo de preferencias adaptativas. La población considerada es la usuaria de la red de refugios de Montevideo: se utilizan datos socio-económicos que surgen de una encuesta específicamente diseñada para este trabajo e información psicológica que se obtiene a partir de la aplicación del test de Rorschach. Se concluye que existe evidencia respecto al desarrollo de preferencias adaptativas en los usuarios de la red de refugios de Montevideo, al tiempo que se plantea la interrogante respecto a si la propia vida en los refugios no conlleva que se ajusten las preferencia respecto a la viabilidad de llevar vidas alternativas alejadas del refugio
Informality Sectoral Selection and Earnings in Uruguay
No full textIn this paper we define an informal worker as one who is not contributing to the social security system. We analyze the likelihood of being an informal worker, and we estimate the differentials in earnings between sectors using the OLS estimation and a switching regression model. We find that formality is more likely among the better-educated, and among men, those residing in the capital city, and heads of households. In addition, we find that according to five different proxies of the average gap for salaried workers and several sub-samples, earnings are higher in the formal than in the informal sector for all the samples.informal sector, wage differential
Three essays about enforcement, labor markets and education
No full textDefence date: 22 November 2014Examining Board:
Prof. Russell Cooper, Penn State University, Supervisor
Prof. Jérôme Adda, EUI & Bocconi University
Prof. Giovanni Pica, University of Salerno
Prof. Marco Manacorda, London School of EconomicsThis thesis analyzes how government enforcement contribute to the labor market and educational behavior in developing countries. The first chapter studies how informality responds to the quality of the labor enforcement and the bundle of benefits that the formal workers receive. Countries in Latin America with different levels of informality were compared, highlighting the features that could induce these different levels. In a general equilibrium framework, the government chooses a level of enforcement and a bundle of benefits maximizing the workers utility subject to a budget constraint. A representative firm chooses the share of workers in formality and informality that they want to hire, and the workers offer a share of time in formality and informality. The chapter concludes that differences in the quality functions of government enforcement and benefits are found, as well as in the fines established to enforce the agents. The second chapter, co-authored with Gonzalo Salas, examines how the level of enforcement of the conditionalities of two Conditional Cash Transfer programs affects the ratios of high school students drop-out. We develop a structural discrete choice model in which the individuals who are above or below the participation threshold decide whether or not to attend school, participate in the labor market, or spend time on home production and/or leisure. The policy experiments show that if the level of enforcement is higher, individuals change study for leisure and work, but this last choice has a limit. Moreover, if the amount of transfer is reduced, the share of those who only study goes down and individuals work more. The third chapter examines how changes in the social security scheme affect the participation path of workers between formality and informality. Workers construct their decision paths in the labor market depending on the retirement program and their endowment of human capital. The strictness of the requirements lead to more formality but not enough to obtain a pension for all the educative levels. Finally, the extension of the compulsory active life leads to more formality and better pensions
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