136,966 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Moonshots at Cancer:The Roche Story
No full textThis book tells the story of Hoffmann LaRoche’s engagement with oncology from the 1950s to circa 2010, using the Roche story as a case study for the role of industry in the search for chemical and biological cancer medicines. Cancer medicine at Roche began with 5-fluorouracil (short: 5-FU), a drug which underwent first clinical tests in 1956 and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ‘the chemical treatment of cancer’ in the United States in 1962. 5-FU was soon followed by a second Roche chemotherapy drug, procarbazine, which interferes with cell division by binding to DNA. Procarbazine was marketed as Natulan in Europe and Matulane in the US. The drug was first tested clinically in 1964 and received FDA approval in 1969. Both 5-FU and Natulan were included in pioneering combination chemotherapy regimens developed by clinical researchers at the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the 1960s, which demonstrated that some cancers could indeed be cured by way of chemotherapy. 5-FU is a direct precursor of Xeloda (capecitabine), which was developed at Roche’s research centre in Kamakura, Japan, approved for medical use in 1998, and is still part of Roche’s current oncology portfolio.In 1986, Roferon A, a form of interferon was approved for the treatment of hairy cell lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma, one of the first of a completely new type of biological agents, a protein molecule produced using a new biotechnological method, which mediated a response of the immune system against viruses and cancer. Roferon A was a product of much research in molecular biology, including at two research institutes funded by Roche, and the application of innovative biotechnological approaches. It transformed Roche’s approach to drug development well beyond oncology. The cloning of interferon was the first project in which Roche collaborated with Genentech, a pioneering biotech company based in San Francisco. In 1990, Roche purchased 60 percent of Genentech’s shares, and in 2008 the remaining shares it did not own. The next generation of cancer drugs were developed wholly or in part by Genentech scientists, and marketed by Genentech in the US and Roche in the rest of the world. Trastuzumab (Herceptin), rituximab (MabThera/Rituxan) and bevacizumab (Avastin) are biotechnologically re-engineered monoclonal antibodies. Trastuzumab, marketed as Herceptin and first approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in 1998 selectively binds to a protein known as a growth factor receptor. The receptor which trastuzumab blocks is particularly common on the surfaces of cancer cells in about 30 percent of breast cancer patients whose tumours test positive for a cancer gene, a so-called oncogene, known as HER2/neu. Rituximab, marketed in Europe as MabThera and in the US as Rituxan, and first approved in 1997 for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system, specifically binds to B-cells, a type of immune cell that turns malignant in this disease. Rituximab was developed jointly with a San Diego-based biotech company, IDEC, and first approved in 1997. Bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin) docks to VEGF, vascular epidermal growth factor, a protein that controls the development of blood vessels in a process known as angiogenesis, and by doing so stops blood vessels from growing into tumour tissues, thus depriving the tumour cells of oxygen and nutrients. It was first approved for the treatment of advanced colorectal (bowel) cancer in 2004. Erlotinib, finally, marketed as Tarceva and also approved in 2004, for advanced lung cancer, is not a monoclonal antibody. Developed initially by another small biotech firm, OSI Pharmaceuticals, it is not a protein but a small molecule, much like traditional chemotherapy drugs, but it specifically blocks a receptor for Epidermal Growth Factor, EGRF. The book aims to bring an industry perspective to the story of modern cancer science, which has often been told without this perspective in mind, as a series of government initiatives and Eureka moments. In the 1950s and 1960s, cancer chemotherapy research was dominated by government agencies and above all the National Cancer Institute in the US, which managed and funded drug screening programmes and clinical trials. At that stage, no pharmaceutical company made much money with cancer drugs. The role of industry changed in the 1970s and 1980s, when investments in molecular biology and biotechnology were starting to bear fruit, and chemotherapy was increasingly accepted as a valuable part of routine cancer treatment, complementing the two older treatment modalities, surgery and radiotherapy. Increasingly more research was initiated and financed by industry: fundamental, technological and clinical, to accommodate new molecular approaches and more complex production methods, and to respond to regulatory requirements
Moonshots at Cancer:The Roche Story
No full textThis book tells the story of Hoffmann LaRoche’s engagement with oncology from the 1950s to circa 2010, using the Roche story as a case study for the role of industry in the search for chemical and biological cancer medicines. Cancer medicine at Roche began with 5-fluorouracil (short: 5-FU), a drug which underwent first clinical tests in 1956 and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ‘the chemical treatment of cancer’ in the United States in 1962. 5-FU was soon followed by a second Roche chemotherapy drug, procarbazine, which interferes with cell division by binding to DNA. Procarbazine was marketed as Natulan in Europe and Matulane in the US. The drug was first tested clinically in 1964 and received FDA approval in 1969. Both 5-FU and Natulan were included in pioneering combination chemotherapy regimens developed by clinical researchers at the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the 1960s, which demonstrated that some cancers could indeed be cured by way of chemotherapy. 5-FU is a direct precursor of Xeloda (capecitabine), which was developed at Roche’s research centre in Kamakura, Japan, approved for medical use in 1998, and is still part of Roche’s current oncology portfolio.In 1986, Roferon A, a form of interferon was approved for the treatment of hairy cell lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma, one of the first of a completely new type of biological agents, a protein molecule produced using a new biotechnological method, which mediated a response of the immune system against viruses and cancer. Roferon A was a product of much research in molecular biology, including at two research institutes funded by Roche, and the application of innovative biotechnological approaches. It transformed Roche’s approach to drug development well beyond oncology. The cloning of interferon was the first project in which Roche collaborated with Genentech, a pioneering biotech company based in San Francisco. In 1990, Roche purchased 60 percent of Genentech’s shares, and in 2008 the remaining shares it did not own. The next generation of cancer drugs were developed wholly or in part by Genentech scientists, and marketed by Genentech in the US and Roche in the rest of the world. Trastuzumab (Herceptin), rituximab (MabThera/Rituxan) and bevacizumab (Avastin) are biotechnologically re-engineered monoclonal antibodies. Trastuzumab, marketed as Herceptin and first approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in 1998 selectively binds to a protein known as a growth factor receptor. The receptor which trastuzumab blocks is particularly common on the surfaces of cancer cells in about 30 percent of breast cancer patients whose tumours test positive for a cancer gene, a so-called oncogene, known as HER2/neu. Rituximab, marketed in Europe as MabThera and in the US as Rituxan, and first approved in 1997 for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system, specifically binds to B-cells, a type of immune cell that turns malignant in this disease. Rituximab was developed jointly with a San Diego-based biotech company, IDEC, and first approved in 1997. Bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin) docks to VEGF, vascular epidermal growth factor, a protein that controls the development of blood vessels in a process known as angiogenesis, and by doing so stops blood vessels from growing into tumour tissues, thus depriving the tumour cells of oxygen and nutrients. It was first approved for the treatment of advanced colorectal (bowel) cancer in 2004. Erlotinib, finally, marketed as Tarceva and also approved in 2004, for advanced lung cancer, is not a monoclonal antibody. Developed initially by another small biotech firm, OSI Pharmaceuticals, it is not a protein but a small molecule, much like traditional chemotherapy drugs, but it specifically blocks a receptor for Epidermal Growth Factor, EGRF. The book aims to bring an industry perspective to the story of modern cancer science, which has often been told without this perspective in mind, as a series of government initiatives and Eureka moments. In the 1950s and 1960s, cancer chemotherapy research was dominated by government agencies and above all the National Cancer Institute in the US, which managed and funded drug screening programmes and clinical trials. At that stage, no pharmaceutical company made much money with cancer drugs. The role of industry changed in the 1970s and 1980s, when investments in molecular biology and biotechnology were starting to bear fruit, and chemotherapy was increasingly accepted as a valuable part of routine cancer treatment, complementing the two older treatment modalities, surgery and radiotherapy. Increasingly more research was initiated and financed by industry: fundamental, technological and clinical, to accommodate new molecular approaches and more complex production methods, and to respond to regulatory requirements
Moonshots at Cancer:The Roche Story
No full textThis book tells the story of Hoffmann LaRoche’s engagement with oncology from the 1950s to circa 2010, using the Roche story as a case study for the role of industry in the search for chemical and biological cancer medicines. Cancer medicine at Roche began with 5-fluorouracil (short: 5-FU), a drug which underwent first clinical tests in 1956 and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ‘the chemical treatment of cancer’ in the United States in 1962. 5-FU was soon followed by a second Roche chemotherapy drug, procarbazine, which interferes with cell division by binding to DNA. Procarbazine was marketed as Natulan in Europe and Matulane in the US. The drug was first tested clinically in 1964 and received FDA approval in 1969. Both 5-FU and Natulan were included in pioneering combination chemotherapy regimens developed by clinical researchers at the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the 1960s, which demonstrated that some cancers could indeed be cured by way of chemotherapy. 5-FU is a direct precursor of Xeloda (capecitabine), which was developed at Roche’s research centre in Kamakura, Japan, approved for medical use in 1998, and is still part of Roche’s current oncology portfolio.In 1986, Roferon A, a form of interferon was approved for the treatment of hairy cell lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma, one of the first of a completely new type of biological agents, a protein molecule produced using a new biotechnological method, which mediated a response of the immune system against viruses and cancer. Roferon A was a product of much research in molecular biology, including at two research institutes funded by Roche, and the application of innovative biotechnological approaches. It transformed Roche’s approach to drug development well beyond oncology. The cloning of interferon was the first project in which Roche collaborated with Genentech, a pioneering biotech company based in San Francisco. In 1990, Roche purchased 60 percent of Genentech’s shares, and in 2008 the remaining shares it did not own. The next generation of cancer drugs were developed wholly or in part by Genentech scientists, and marketed by Genentech in the US and Roche in the rest of the world. Trastuzumab (Herceptin), rituximab (MabThera/Rituxan) and bevacizumab (Avastin) are biotechnologically re-engineered monoclonal antibodies. Trastuzumab, marketed as Herceptin and first approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in 1998 selectively binds to a protein known as a growth factor receptor. The receptor which trastuzumab blocks is particularly common on the surfaces of cancer cells in about 30 percent of breast cancer patients whose tumours test positive for a cancer gene, a so-called oncogene, known as HER2/neu. Rituximab, marketed in Europe as MabThera and in the US as Rituxan, and first approved in 1997 for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system, specifically binds to B-cells, a type of immune cell that turns malignant in this disease. Rituximab was developed jointly with a San Diego-based biotech company, IDEC, and first approved in 1997. Bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin) docks to VEGF, vascular epidermal growth factor, a protein that controls the development of blood vessels in a process known as angiogenesis, and by doing so stops blood vessels from growing into tumour tissues, thus depriving the tumour cells of oxygen and nutrients. It was first approved for the treatment of advanced colorectal (bowel) cancer in 2004. Erlotinib, finally, marketed as Tarceva and also approved in 2004, for advanced lung cancer, is not a monoclonal antibody. Developed initially by another small biotech firm, OSI Pharmaceuticals, it is not a protein but a small molecule, much like traditional chemotherapy drugs, but it specifically blocks a receptor for Epidermal Growth Factor, EGRF. The book aims to bring an industry perspective to the story of modern cancer science, which has often been told without this perspective in mind, as a series of government initiatives and Eureka moments. In the 1950s and 1960s, cancer chemotherapy research was dominated by government agencies and above all the National Cancer Institute in the US, which managed and funded drug screening programmes and clinical trials. At that stage, no pharmaceutical company made much money with cancer drugs. The role of industry changed in the 1970s and 1980s, when investments in molecular biology and biotechnology were starting to bear fruit, and chemotherapy was increasingly accepted as a valuable part of routine cancer treatment, complementing the two older treatment modalities, surgery and radiotherapy. Increasingly more research was initiated and financed by industry: fundamental, technological and clinical, to accommodate new molecular approaches and more complex production methods, and to respond to regulatory requirements
QTrim : a novel tool for the quality trimming of sequence reads generated using the Roche/454 sequencing platform
No full textBackground
Many high throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches, such as the Roche/454 platform, produce sequences in which the quality of the sequence (as measured by a Phred-like quality scores) decreases linearly across a sequence read. Undertaking quality trimming of this data is essential to enable confidence in the results of subsequent downstream analysis. Here, we have developed a novel, highly sensitive and accurate approach (QTrim) for the quality trimming of sequence reads generated using the Roche/454 sequencing platform (or any platform with long reads that outputs Phred-like quality scores).
Results
The performance of QTrim was evaluated against all other available quality trimming approaches on both poor and high quality 454 sequence data. In all cases, QTrim appears to perform equally as well as the best other approach (PRINSEQ) with these two methods significantly outperforming all other methods. Further analysis of the trimmed data revealed that the novel trimming approach implemented in QTrim ensures that the prevalence of low quality bases in the resulting trimmed data is substantially lower than PRINSEQ or any of the other approaches tested.
Conclusions
QTrim is a novel, highly sensitive and accurate algorithm for the quality trimming of Roche/454 sequence reads. It is implemented both as an executable program that can be integrated with standalone sequence analysis pipelines and as a web-based application to enable individuals with little or no bioinformatics experience to quality trim their sequence data
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Spero MCMV : [estampe] / [Pierre Roche]
No full textRéférence bibliographique : Massignon, série gypsotypies, B-
Souhaits 1906 : [estampe] / PR, Pierre Roche
No full textRéférence bibliographique : Massignon, série gypsotypies, B-
Souhaits 1902 : [estampe] / PR, [Pierre Roche]
No full textRéférence bibliographique : Massignon, série gypsotypies, B-
Alice Anderson Roche, Golden Spike Oral History Project, GS-25, American West Center, University of Utah
No full textTranscript (22 pages) of interview by Greg Thompson and Phil Notarianni with Alice Anderson Roche on September 5, 1974 for the Golden Spike Oral History Project.Roche (b. 1895) talks about Brigham Young, the Bar-B ranch, Foss Valley, Thiokol, mustangs, an oil well, White Valley, freighting, Haley, families, and Foxley. Interviewed by Greg Thompson and Phil Notarianni. 22 pages
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