1,720,964 research outputs found
Bridging human mobility to animal activity: when humans are away, bears will play
Full text linkIn the Anthropocene, findings on animal behavioral flexibility in response to anthropogenic changes are accumulating: human presence and activity affect the distribution, movement, activity rhythm, physiology, and diet of animal species. However, conclusions are limited by the lack of simultaneous quantitative data on both the animal and human side. Hence, the dynamic link between animal behavior and human activity and mobility is often poorly estimated. Based on long-term monitoring of a wild bear population in the Trentino region (10 bears monitored from 2006 to 2019; 20 bear-years) combined with human mobility data (Cumulative Outdoor activity Index, derived from the Strava Global Heatmap) and tourist count records, we investigated how spatial behavior and activity rhythms of bears change with variations in experienced human disturbance. We found that bears were mainly nocturnal and that, on an annual scale, nocturnality was associated with movement behavior, but both were independent of experienced human disturbance. Furthermore, nocturnality tended to increase in periods of more intense exploitation of outdoor areas by humans. Overall, these preliminary findings show that bears exhibit a notable behavioral flexibility to minimize their exposure to human presence. Through the application of different sources of human activity data, this work showcases that the integration of high resolution animal movement data with dynamic data on human mobility is crucial to meaningfully catch wildlife responses to anthropisation
Brown bear multi-scale response to human presence and mobility in the Italian Alps
Full text linkIn an increasingly human-dominated world, wildlife is constrained by human presence and activity, inducing behavioural adjustments as a consequence. Large mammals are especially sensitive to such changes, questioning the potential of their behavioural flexibility to cope with human disturbance. Using brown bears in the Italian Alps as a study case, we investigated their response to changes in human presence over different temporal scales. Combining human mobility data with bear tracking and activity data spanning from 2006 to 2019, we analysed bears’ behaviour and movement as a function of human activities. We observed that over the years bear activity and daily movement length have increased, while diurnality and range size have decreased. While tourism has grown in parallel, this was not identified as the main driver of such responses. Rather, it was mostly due to the increase in bear population, whose space is nonetheless limited by human infrastructure. At a weekly scale, we observed no difference in daily movement lengths between weekdays and weekends. This might perhaps be because of the continuous human disturbance in the area overall. Finally, at the daily scale, we found that individuals roamed in places more intensively exploited by humans at night compared to daytime, especially when ranging in heavily disturbed areas. Our results highlight how humans are indirectly, by hampering connectivity, and directly, through disturbance, shaping brown bear behaviour and movement. In view of a growing volume of outdoor human activity, we analyze the implications of such responses and present challenges for human-wildlife coexistence
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
The wolf is back! Non‐consumptive effects of the return of a large carnivore on the use of supplementary feeding sites by roe deer
Full text linkUnderstanding how prey species tradeoff predation risk and resource acquisition is particularly important for advancing our knowledge of predator–prey relationships. We investigated this by studying the use of concentrated anthropogenic resources, namely supplementary feeding sites, by roe deer Capreolus capreolus before and after grey wolf Canis lupus recolonisation in an area of the eastern Italian Alps. We used camera traps to monitor roe deer visits to feeding sites, where ad libitum food was provided, before and after wolf recolonisation, in winter and spring, to control for seasonal effects. First, we compared the daily cycle of visits using circular statistics. We then used generalised linear mixed models to assess roe deer, duration of visits, and tendency to congregate at feeding sites as a function of wolf presence and season. Roe deer became more diurnal after wolf recolonisation, particularly in winter, while in spring they tended to concentrate their visits around dusk and dawn. Roe deer visits to feeding sites decreased from winter to spring, but only after wolf recolonisation, while their duration was shorter in spring when wolves were absent than in any other period. Roe deer grouping at feeding sites decreased from winter to spring, especially after wolf recolonisation. These results show that roe deer have changed their resource use behaviour following wolf recolonisation, adopting a range of behavioural tactics that could mitigate predation risk, while maintaining resource acquisition when more profitable. The increase in diurnality may reduce the temporal overlap with wolves' predominantly nocturnal activity; access to the resource-rich, but fairly exposed sites mainly occurred during the most limiting season, or with solitary visits. We call for further research to understand whether other unmeasured processes contribute to shaping the observed patterns, such as demographic decline and fine-scale behavioural adjustments (e.g. increased vigilance
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Proactive and reactive movement behaviours shape the antipredator sequence in a large herbivore
Full text linkBackground: Prey species can display antipredator movement behaviours to reduce predation risk, including proactive responses to chronic or predictable risk, and reactive responses to acute or unpredictable risk. Thus, at any given time, prey movement choice may reflect a trade-off between proaction and reaction. In previous studies, proaction and reaction have generally been considered separately, which neglects their potentially simultaneous influence on animal movement decisions and overall space use. Methods: In this study, we analysed how proaction and reaction interact to shape the movements of GPS-collared red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to hunting by humans. Using an exhaustive inventory of red deer hunting events and very high-resolution canopy cover density (LiDAR), we combined movement metric (displacement and path length) models and integrated step selection functions to investigate antipredator movement responses to lethal risk on various spatiotemporal scales, considering a dynamic landscape of risk. Results: Our results show that red deer either proactively avoided areas of chronic risk, or they selected canopy cover where and when risk was predictably high. However, when risk was encountered anyway, canopy cover was no longer selected, but only modulated a reactive response along a remain-to-leave continuum. This reaction was even more evident when the environment was unfamiliar, underlining the importance of memory in such reaction patterns. Conclusions: We describe how proaction and reaction fuse in an antipredator sequence of interconnected movement decisions in a large herbivore, and discuss how this result may help disentangle the ecological consequences of behavioural responses to predation. Finally, we lay the foundations for further investigations into the origins of similarities and differences between proactive and reactive movement response
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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