1,721,149 research outputs found
Human Skin Morphology and Dermal Absorption
No full textThe relationship between the structure of human skin and its barrier properties has been the subject of extensive research over the past half century (1,2). There can be little doubt that the stratum corneum, the skin’s outermost layer, plays an important role in this respect by providing protection against the ingress of environmental materials and controlling the egress of water. Investigations by many researchers have further refined our understanding of the precise nature of the diffusioncontrolling barrier with consensus on the major role of the intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum (3). There are many excellent and recent reviews covering the structure of skin (4,5), the nature of the epidermis and its many protective functions (6-8), and permeation across the skin (9,10). Although it has been experimentally well established that it is the chemical morphology of the stratum corneum that controls the overall rate at which chemicals can permeate across the skin, other factors can contribute to the extent of such permeation. Figure 1 shows that a number of major secondary factors governing the extent of percutaneous absorption include permeant clearance from the skin (11) and desquamation (12), as well as response and toxicity. It is not the purpose of this chapter to reiterate the information already adequately reviewed elsewhere by colleagues and by us. In this introductory chapter, therefore, we have elected to cover some recent information relevant to the subject matter of the book, dermal absorption and toxicity assessment. Thus we discuss new insights in skin biology and barrier formation including the initiation of keratinocyte migration and differentiation in the basal layer of the epidermis, the constituents and morphology of the intercellular lipids and the process of desquamation (Fig. 2)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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