1,720,979 research outputs found
Sternum
No full textSternum fractures in children are very rare (0.004-0.07% of all paediatric fractures) with an increasing incidence with age. Sternum fractures may result from a direct or an indirect trauma. Most cases are the result of falls or high velocity trauma mechanisms. This chapter describes the circumstances under which sternum fractures occur with emphasis on the difference between accidental and non-accidental (inflicted) injury
Scapula
No full textThe shoulder joint is composed of the scapula, clavicle, and the head of the humerus. The scapula is part of three joints: The acromioclavicular joint (acromion and clavicula), the glenohumeral joint (glenoid and proximal humerus), and the scapulothoracic joint (anterior scapula and posterior thorax) (Fig. 10.1) [1]. In this constellation, the scapula provides a stable base for movements of the humerus [2]
Ribs
No full textRib fractures in paediatric patients usually result from static loading (compression) or dynamic impact loading (direct impact trauma to the ribs). In young children rib fractures are usually caused by static loading, while in mobile older children and in adolescents rib fractures are usually caused by dynamic impact loading. However, it should be noted that still there is no clear understanding of what forces and mechanisms of injury are exactly required to produce rib fractures. This is mainly because in vivo experiments in children are impossible. The information on trauma mechanism reflects what is accepted as plausible in medical science.This chapter describes the circumstances under which rib fractures occur before, during and after birth with emphasis on the difference between accidental and non-accidental (inflicted) injury.In addition, penetrating chest trauma is discussed, as well as diseases and normal variants that can simulate (healed) rib fractures
Clavicle
No full textFractures of the clavicle are amongst the most frequently diagnosed fractures, in children as well as in adults. In children it is one of the most common fractures with an estimated incidence of 5 to 15% of childhood fractures. Clavicle fractures may result from a direct or an indirect trauma. This chapter describes the circumstances under which clavicular fractures occur before, during and after birth with emphasis on the difference between accidental and non-accidental (inflicted) injury
Normal Variants, Congenital, and Acquired Disorders
No full textDiagnosing non-accidental injury is a challenging task. Missing the diagnosis may have fatal consequences for the child because no measures will be taken to prevent future injury. On the other hand, a wrongful diagnosis of non-accidental injury may have severe consequences for both caretakers as well as the child, e.g. judicial prosecution of the caretakers and placement of the child in foster care. This chapter deals with normal variants and diseases that may simulate non-accidental injury. Disease that are often mentioned in the differential diagnosis of non-accidental injury (e.g. rickets and osteogenesis imperfecta) will be discussed in more detail, whereas rare syndromes, congenital disorders and metabolic disorders, that are often reported as case reports, will be discussed in lesser detail
General Aspects of Fractures in Children
No full textA fracture is a partial or complete disruption of the continuity of bone or cartilage, due to mechanical forces exceeding the strength of the bone or cartilage to withstand these forces.Fractures are common in children. In a large Swedish study, the overall annual incidence of fractures in children was 2.1% (2.6 for boys; 1.7 for girls). Most fractures in children are the result of accidental trauma and conventional radiography (x-rays) is by far the preferred modality to diagnose them. This chapter discusses the anatomy of the bones, types of fractures and the terminology to describe fractures in an unequivocal way. In addition, fractures are discussed in the context of the trauma mechanism, the circumstances under which a fracture occurs and the age of the patient. Any discrepancies between the type of fracture and the alleged trauma mechanism (history as provided by the parents) should arise suspicion of non-accidental injury, where in general the younger the child, the greater the probability of inflicted injuries
Forensic Aspects of Paediatric Fractures:Differentiating Accidental Trauma from Child Abuse, Second Edition
No full textThis excellently illustrated book, now in a revised and extended second edition, not only describes the radiological findings which can be found in child abuse cases but also places them in a forensic perspective–a crucial aspect often underrepresented in radiological books. The aim is to enable physicians involved in non-accidental trauma cases to interpret radiological findings in light of the forensic circumstances under which these findings have arisen. Accordingly, the book will assist in determining whether a fracture is accidental or the result of abuse. Fractures are addressed not only by anatomical location but also by trauma mechanism, with careful attention to evidence regarding the reported mechanism and the clinical outcome. Drawing on the latest literature, the authors explain whether a particular form of trauma can cause a particular injury and identify where the reader can find the supporting evidence. The book will be essential reading and a superb reference for all who are involved in the diagnosis of child abuse, including pediatricians, emergency room physicians, and radiologists. It will also be a valuable resource for legal medicine physicians, lawyers, and judges
Forensic Aspects of Paediatric Fractures:Differentiating Accidental Trauma from Child Abuse, Second Edition
No full textThis excellently illustrated book, now in a revised and extended second edition, not only describes the radiological findings which can be found in child abuse cases but also places them in a forensic perspective–a crucial aspect often underrepresented in radiological books. The aim is to enable physicians involved in non-accidental trauma cases to interpret radiological findings in light of the forensic circumstances under which these findings have arisen. Accordingly, the book will assist in determining whether a fracture is accidental or the result of abuse. Fractures are addressed not only by anatomical location but also by trauma mechanism, with careful attention to evidence regarding the reported mechanism and the clinical outcome. Drawing on the latest literature, the authors explain whether a particular form of trauma can cause a particular injury and identify where the reader can find the supporting evidence. The book will be essential reading and a superb reference for all who are involved in the diagnosis of child abuse, including pediatricians, emergency room physicians, and radiologists. It will also be a valuable resource for legal medicine physicians, lawyers, and judges
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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