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Réécritures bibliques chez Paul Claudel, André Gide et Albert Camus : Une étude intertextuelle sur dix oeuvres littéraires
No full textThe focus of this study is on textual links between ten fictional works by three French writers and the Bible. The text-orientated study illuminates how palimpsestuous writing has been actualised in the works of Paul Claudel (1868 1955), André Gide (1869-1951) and Albert Camus (1913-1960). In this dissertation, the biblical hypotext, an earlier text that the author s text imitates or transforms, is considered one of the most significant features in their works, opening up whole new interpretations of their stories. The study concentrates more precisely on the analysis of ten fictional oeuvres, narratives or plays. Some of the works are more hypertextual than others but all are in a paratextual relation to a biblical story: their titles build the first link to the writings of the Bible. Furthermore, the authors form unique, precise and opposite relationships between their text and the biblical text. Each refers to a text, a character, or an event in the Bible, or points out a question which a specific part of the Old or the New Testament evokes.
The dissertation describes the differences between diverse theories of intertextuality, which examine the presence of an earlier text in another text but approach the relation in a different manner. The research shows how the intertextual concepts of Julia Kristeva, Gérard Genette and Kiril Taranovsky differ from one another. To examine textual relations and the palimpsestuous nature of literary discourse, the research utilizes the various hypertextual categories defined by Genette in Palimpsestes Literature in the Second Degree (1982). The study favors the notion of transposition and demonstrates how it can be used even to explore literary texts that are only modestly hypertextual. Unlike Genette, this study does not prefer massively hypertextual works to implicitly hypertextual works but pays attention in addition to diverse techniques of allusion to show links to other texts.
The detailed analysis of the authors rewrites allows not only for the examination of the literary text itself but also the consideration of the religious, political, aesthetic and ethical matters that are present in the texts as well as their significance in the writers worldviews. One of the key findings of this investigation is that a writer s interpretation of a biblical text depends on existing biblical interpretations, such as institutional interpretations (Catholic or Protestant) or ones based on the works of the Church Fathers (Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas). In fact, the selected literary texts reveal critical re-readings of the Bible and characteristics of Christian apology.
Each author featured in this study has a very different relation to Christianity: Paul Claudel is a practicing Catholic; André Gide who comes from a Protestant background is anti-religion; Albert Camus is an agnostic from a Catholic background. The case of Claudel is interesting: in his oeuvre, the biblical re-writing integrates the Catholic dogma and the influence of Saint Thomas. The writing of Gide proves the influence of the French Protestantism of his era; whereas Camus interpretation of the biblical text is a consequence of a personal and selective reading containing reflections of Saint Augustine s notions.
The significance of this study for literary research is to demonstrate that it is possible to apply precise theoretical models and exegesis in order to create interpretations that establish new meanings. The study also points out the relationship between literature and religion from a text-orientated perspective.Ranskan 1900-luvun kirjallisuutta koskevassa väitöskirjassani tutkin raamattuviitteitä kolmen kansainvälisestikin merkittävän ranskalaiskirjailijan tuotannossa. Työssäni osoitan tekstianalyysin keinoin, miten intertekstuaalinen kirjoittaminen toteutuu Paul Claudelin (1868-1955), André Giden (1869-1951) ja Albert Camus'n (1913-1960) tuotannoissa. Näiden kolmen kirjailijan valinta on kiinnostava, koska heillä kaikilla on erilainen suhde kristinuskoon: Gide on saanut tiukan protestanttisen kasvatuksen; Camus on agnostikko; Claudel on tunnustuksellinen katolinen kirjailija. Kirjailijoiden erilainen lähtökohta vaikuttaa siihen, miten he lukevat ja uudelleenkirjoittavat Raamattua ja miten he peilaavat ajatteluaan kristinuskoon. Hyvin usein raamattuviitteet ovat yhteydessä myös yhteiskunnallisiin ja sosiaalisiin kysymyksiin.
Väitöskirjani korpuksessa on kymmenen teosta, jotka ovat joko kokonaisvaltaisia muunnelmia raamatunkertomuksista ja/tai jotka sisältävät runsaasti yksittäisiä raamattualluusioita. Myös tutkimieni teosten nimissä on jo selkeä viittaus Raamattuun. Tällaisia teoksia ovat esimerkiksi Giden La Porte étroite (1909, suom. Ahdas portti), Camus'n La Chute (1956, suom. Putoaminen)ja Claudelin L'Annonce faite à Marie (1910). Gérard Genetten hypertekstuaalisuuteen ja kertomuksen teoriaan eli narratologiaan liittyvät käsitteet muodostavat tutkimukseni teoreettisen viitekehyksen. Myös eksegetiikkaa hyödyntäen väitöskirjani osoittaa, että Gide käyttää Raamattua kuvatessaan sitä, miten tiukka uskonnollisuus on este minuuden ja yksilöllisyyden kasvulle; Claudel hakee Raamatusta tukea ajattelulleen, jonka mukaan maallistumisen ja tunnustuksellisuudesta luopumisen seurauksia ovat henkinen köyhtyminen ja mielen raaistuminen; kun taas Camus etsii Raamatusta syvyyttä eksistentiaalisille mm. vapauden sekä syyllisyyden teemoilleen.
Tutkimukseni sijoittuu niiden muiden tutkimusten rinnalle, jotka ovat havainnoineet Raamattua jonkin kaunokirjallisen tekstin intertekstinä ja jotka ovat siten pohtineet kristinuskon ja kirjallisuuden suhdetta. Se rinnastuu myös ranskalaisen yleisen kirjallisuustieteen emeritusprofessorin Anne-Marie Pelletier'n tutkimuksiin, joissa tarkastellaan kirjallisuudentutkimuksen (analyse du récit, les théories de l' intertextualité) ja nykykielitieteen (les théories de l'énonciation) menetelmin raamatunkertomuksia. Väitöstyöni osoittaa, kuinka kirjallisuudentutkimuksessa on mahdollista soveltaa sekä selkeitä teoriamalleja että eksegetiikkaa systemaattisen ja uusia merkityksiä avaavan tulkinnan luomisessa. Tulkitessani näin juutalais-kristillistä kulttuuriperintöä kirjallisuudentutkimuksen keinoin haluan korostaa kulttuurin ja uskonnon välistä sidettä onhan länsimainen kulttuuri rakentunut suurilta osin juutalais-kristillisten arvojen pohjalle. Väitöskirjatutkimukseni antaa mahdollisuuden verrata Ranskan 1900-l. alkupuolen kirjailijoiden ajatuksia siihen keskusteluun, jota nyt käydään uskonnon roolista yhteiskunnassa. Camus ja Gide ovat esimerkkejä tunnustuksettomista kirjailijoista, jotka kuitenkin tunsivat ja osasivat tarkasti nimetä sen mihin eivät uskoneet.ei saavutettav
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Re-writings of the Bible by Paul Claudel, André Gide and Albert Camus
No full textCette thèse étudie la relation intertextuelle entre dix œuvres fictionnelles de trois auteurs français et la Bible. Il s'agit de montrer, en s'appuyant sur les catégories de Gérard Genette, comment la Bible est réécrite par Paul Claudel, André Gide et Albert Camus. Le degré de l'hypertextualité dans les œuvres étudiées va d'une réécriture massive à l'emploi des citations implicites. Chacun des textes fictionnels est aussi en relation paratextuelle avec le récit biblique : ce sont des textes narratifs ou dramatiques dont le titre déjà fait allusion aux Écritures. On examine trois formes du rapport au texte biblique et au christianisme : l'un est celui d'un catholique pratiquant, le deuxième celui d'un incroyant d'origine protestante et le troisième celui d'un incroyant d'origine catholique. La Bible réécrite par Claudel met en scène un christianisme affirmatif alors que les réécritures de Gide et de Camus prennent le contrepied de la religion chrétienne.The focus of this study is on textual links between ten fictional works by three French writers and the Bible. The text-orientated study illuminates how palimpsestuous writing has been actualised in the works of Paul Claudel, André Gide and Albert Camus. In this dissertation, the biblical hypotext, an earlier text that the author's text imitates or transforms, is considered one of the most significant features in their works, opening up whole new interpretations of their stories. Some of the works are more hypertextual than others but all are in a paratextual relation to a biblical story: their titles build the first link to the writings of the Bible. Each author featured in this study has a very different relation to Christianity: Paul Claudel is a practicing Catholic; André Gide who comes from a Protestant background is anti-religion; Albert Camus is an agnostic from a Catholic background. The case of Claudel is interesting: in his oeuvre, the biblical re-writing integrates the Catholic dogma and the influence of Saint Thomas. The writing of Gide proves the influence of the French Protestantism of his era; whereas Camus' interpretation of the biblical text is a consequence of a personal and selective reading containing reflections of Saint Augustine's notions
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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