5 research outputs found

    Perancangan Game 2 Dimensi Kisah Pingitan Tini (Based on Story RA Kartini)

    No full text
    ABSTRAK   Huda,  Rey Andi, 2015. Perancangan Game 2 Dimensi Kisah Pingitan Tini (Based on Story RA Kartini). Tugas Akhir, Jurusan Seni dan Desain, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (1) Andy Pramono S.Kom, M.T, (2) Joko Samudro S.Kom, M.T. Kata Kunci: Game, Pingitan Tini. Perancangan game 2 dimensi Kisah Pingitan Tini ini adalah bentuk usaha yang dilakukan untuk memberikan pengetahuan akan adanya adat pingitan pada abad 19 di Jawa. Kisah dalam game tersebut terinspirasi dari pengalaman hidup RA Kartini. Dimana selama ini ketika mendengar nama RA Kartini, sebagian orang hanya mengetahuinya sebagai pahlawan emansipasi wanita saja. Tanpa mengetahui bagaimana perjuangan dan halangan-halangan yang dilalui beliau hingga berhasil menggapai cita-citanya. Diharapkan melalui film animasi dan game ini dapat menghasilkan sebuah produk yang bisa diterima dan diminati oleh masyarakat Indonesia dari semua kalangan khususnya generasi muda. Proses perancangan game 2 dimensi Kisah Pingitan Tini ini mempunyai 3 tahap perancangan, yaitu pra produksi, produksi, dan pasca produksi. Sedangkan model perancangan yang digunakan adalah model prosedural yang bersifat deskriptif, yaitu menggariskan langkah-langkah yang harus diikuti untuk menghasilkan produk. Tahap-tahap yang dikerjakan meliputi penentuan ide cerita, konsep desain game, diagram alir, desain level dan interface, asset game, animasi game, kontrol dan scripting, play testing, serta exporting. Perancangan ini menghasilkan sebuah game 2 dimensi (visual 3 dimensi) yang menggambarkan seorang gadis berusia 12 tahun yang bernama Tini dalam menjalani pingitan di dalam kamarnya. Serta menghasilkan beberapa media pendukung untuk memperkenalkan hasil dari perancangan ini seperti stiker, dan poster yang di desain sesuai dengan hasil dari perancangan visual animasi dan game

    Indonesian Political Dynamics in National and Regional Elections

    No full text
    The introduction is that illustrates Indonesia as a democracy is facing an exciting new challenge. The democratic party which was originally separated in each region, will now be held simultaneously nationally in 2024. The purpose of this study is first, what are the dynamics of postponing regional head election in 2024 for 271 regions whose terms of office expire in 2022 and 2023 and second, what is the urgency of extending the term of office of the regional head until 2024. The research method used is normative juridical with the approach of legislation and phenomena, theories, concepts and legal principles. The study used is a literature study and analyzed descriptively qualitative with the use of primary data in the form of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. related to the extension of the term of office of the regional head until 2024. The results of the analysis obtained on these issues are known that first, the postponement of regional head election from 2022 and 2023 to 2024 will result in a vacancy in the position of regional head in 271 regions. Then, the appointment of acting regional heads who will lead for one to two years to provide uncertainty to democracy in the regions which raises many pros and cons for the policies taken, it is feared that it will harm the principles of regional autonomy. Second, to avoid the filling of acting regional heads in the 271 regions, more effective and democratic steps are needed, so that the acting heads who lead the regions for one to two years are expected not to reap different perceptions in the community. ___ References Books with an author: Amalia, L. S. (2021). Dinamika Sosial Politik Pemilu Serentak 2019, Jakarta : LIPI Press. Jenar, S., et al. (2024). Hukum Pemerintahan Daerah, Banten: PT Sada Kurnia Pustaka. Nusantara, B. G. (2017). Politik Hukum Penyelenggaraan Pilkada Serentak Tahun 2024 (Potret Perdebatan Partai Politik di Parlemen), Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.   Journal articles: Abbas, A. (2021). Konsep Negara Hukum dan Demokrasi dalam Pandangan Abdul Qahhar Mudzakkar. Amsir Law Journal, 3(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.36746/alj.v3i1.49 Diamond, A. (2014). Understanding Executive Functions: What Helps or Hinders them and How Executive Functions and Language Development Mutually Support One Another. Perspectives on Language and Literacy, 40(2), 7-11. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1551605899 Fikri, S. (2024). Election Law Enforcement: Fighting Black Campaigns on Social Media. Amsir Law Journal, 5(2), 117-125. https://doi.org/10.36746/alj.v5i2.408 Hutabarat, P. N., Harsasto, P., & Utomo, S. (2015). Pemikiran Politik Mohammad Hatta tentang Demokrasi. Journal of Politic and Government Studies, 4(2), 146-160. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jpgs/article/view/8213 Kartika Nabela, T., & Arfa’i, A. (2023). Pengaturan Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Serentak Tahun 2024 Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2016. Limbago: Journal of Constitutional Law, 3(3), 415–427. https://doi.org/10.22437/limbago.v3i3.22189 Huda, N. M. (2021). Problematika Penundaan Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Dalam Pemilihan Umum Serentak Nasional 2024. Jurnal Etika dan Pemilu, 7(1), 46-58. https://journal.dkpp.go.id/index.php/jep/article/view/17 Kelibay, I., Boinauw, I., Rosnani, R., & Kalagison, M. D. (2022). Dinamika Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Serentak Nasional Dalam Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2024. Jurnal Noken: Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 7(2), 167-181. https://doi.org/10.33506/jn.v7i2.1739 Munali, D. S., Rahmawati, N., Kurniawati, N. A., & Rahmadini, A. (2023). Politik Hukum Pembentukan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja: Menyoal Proses Legislasi dalam Pembentukannya. Amsir Law Journal, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.36746/alj.v5i1.223 Mustawa, M., Hamid, A. H., & Purwanda, S. (2022). Refund of State Financial Losses in Realizing the Welfare State of Law. Amsir Law Journal, 4(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.36746/alj.v4i1.125 Purwanda, S., & Wulandari, A. S. R. (2023). Socio-Legal Studies: Methodical Implications of Legal Development in Indonesia. Al-'Adl, 16(2), 152-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/aladl.v16i2.6129 Suyatno, S. (2016). Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) dan Tantangan Demokrasi Lokal di Indonesia. Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 1(2), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpi.v1i2.6586 Umayasari, U., & Kurniawan, R. C. (2020). Dinamika Pilkada di Tengah Pandemi dalam Memenuhi Amanat Konstitusi. Wacana Publik, 14(2), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.37295/wp.v14i02.49 Wijayanti, S. N. (2024). Pilkada Serentak 2020: Evaluasi Partisipasi Pemilih. Jurnal Hukum Progresif, 12(2), 78–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/jhp.12.2.78-93   World Wide Web: Universitas Islam Indonesia. (2021). Bedah Buku Karya Prof. Ni’matul Huda Tentang Pilkada Serentak di Masa Pandemi. Available online from: https://www.uii.ac.id/bedah-buku-karya-prof-nimatul-huda-tentang-pilkada-serentak-di-masa-pandemi/

    Plurality In Academic Tradition: The Case of Lecturers? Educational Background at the Graduate School Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta from 1982-2014

    No full text
    This book initially was a research which is completed and submitted to the Graduate School Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Islamic Education. The idea of the book originated primarily from a reality that diversity occurs in all educational levels. For the UIN cases, the phenomena of diversity can be noticed from its academic community; whether it comes from different social or religious organizations, educational background, cultural or ethnicity, countries or even religions. Hence, as a unique institution which produces a distinct tradition of Islamic studies, the UIN provide lecturers with different scholarly tradition; either graduated from the Eastern, Western or local universities. To that end, I performed a research and focused merely on lecturers? educational background to understand further how they dealt with differences, in particular concerning the impact on students? work. I presumed that lecturers struggled with internal conflicts since the background has different educational tradition. The Western, Eastern and local educational traditions have been explored further in this book chapter to help readers understand these different entities respectively. By exploring the notion of collaboration which closely related with conflict resolution, I ended up with a conclusion that the East-West tension nowadays have been melted, although not entirely. I argued that lecturers? collaboration not only can be traced through the intrapersonal or interpersonal aspects. The need to combined those two levels with an additional aspect, the epistemological dimension; become substantial. This statement can be verified since the epistemological dimension of lecturers? educational background becomes the basis on both side to work collaboratively. This general finding indicated that two salient factors that support the process of lecturers? collaboration, including their background as a pesantren graduates and their participation to promote the Indonesian Islam. By having a team-work, they construct the idea to promote the moderate culture amid academic community. With this finding, I reaffirm a general statement which declared the Graduate School UIN Jakarta as a smelting place. My hope that these findings will give a positive contribution on discussion toward research on East-West relationship, diversity and equity, lecturers? collaboration, and professional communities. In view of that, I realized that this research to some degree is a collaboration of so many people whom I cannot mention their names one by one proportionally in this acknowledgment. For this reason, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all of people who have assisted me in completing my study and in particular in finishing this research. First of all, I would like express my deepest gratitude to the Graduate School, which delivers to the Rector of UIN Jakarta, Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA; the Director of the Graduate School, Prof. Masykuri Abdillah, MA; and to both Chairpersons of Doctoral and Master degree, Prof. Didin Saepudin, MA and JM Muslimin, PhD. My deepest gratitude also delivers to my thesis supervisor, Prof. Dr. Komaruddin Hidayat, MA whose sharp criticism and insightful comments have made this work much better that I could predict before. The choice of the Graduate School as the focus of this study also owes much to his constructive comments on my earlier proposal. Thanks to share the idea and encourage me during every phase of my study. My deepest appreciation also goes to all my lecturers who have shared their knowledge and experiences during their lectures and personal conversation with me. I owe much to Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra, MA; Prof. Suwito, MA; Prof. Iik Arifin Mansurnoor, MA; Prof. M. Atho Mudzhar, MSPD; Prof. Huzaemah Tahido Yanggo, MA; Prof. Yunan Yusuf, MA; Prof. Zainun Kamaluddin Fakih, MA; Prof. Abuddin Nata, MA; Prof. Abdul Mujib, MA; Prof. Murodi, MA; Fuad Jabali, PhD; Yusuf Rahman, PhD; Muhammad Zuhdi, PhD; Dr. Abd. Chair; Ahmad Luthfi Fathullah, MA; Asep Saepudin Jahar, PhD; Ayang Utriza Yakin, PhD; Ahmad Dardiri, MA; Suparto, PhD; Usep Abdul Matin, PhD; Dr. Gazi, MA. I also like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Quraish Shihab, MA; Prof. A. Malik Fadjar, MA; Prof. Ahmad Aziz Dahlan, MA; Prof. Zaitunah Subhan, MA; Prof. Yunasril Ali, MA; Prof. Nasaruddin Umar, MA; Prof. Husni Rahim, MA; Bambang Suryadi, PhD; Yeni Ratna Yuningsih, PhD; Nurlena Rifa?i, PhD; Didin Syafrudin, PhD; Din Wahid, PhD; Ali Munhanif, PhD; and other lecturers. Their patience, feedback, and comments were remarkable in guiding my study. To have had the opportunity to learn from each of them is my privilege. My deepest gratitude also goes to Dr. Shirley Baker from Alliant University, California, USA; Prof. Dr. Margareth Gfrerer from DAAD Scholarship Program, Germany; and Prof. Andi Faisal Bakti, MA; who taught me the way to create a good academic writing. Although in this study the author is still a beginner, yet this thesis become the first work which developed in English language. I am grateful to them for allow me to join in their classes as a Master student representative among the Doctoral candidates of the Graduate School in which I learned so much. In addition, I would like to give my sincere thanks and appreciation to PPIM UIN Jakarta. Special thanks deliver to the directors: Saiful Umam, PhD; Dadi Darmadi, PhD; and Ismatu Ropi, PhD; who provide lots of events related with the research on Islamic Studies, such as seminars, conferences and even references in which I collected the materials needed for writing this thesis. Other thankfulness delivers to STFI Sadra with similar events in Islamic philosophy. Special thanks go to Pak Dani Nur Fajar and Kak Rintis Mulya; who always inform and delivers invitations for those events. By participating those events I gain lots of information to enhance my knowledge in Islamic studies. Not less importantly, I also owe much to Bu Zulfa Indira Wahyuni, M.Psi; as the secretary of my thesis supervisor. Thanks for facilitate and arrange schedules for my meeting with the professor. I also owe much to the Research Library of the Graduate School, from which I collected the materials needed for writing this thesis. Special thanks to Bu Alfida, Pak Imron and Mas Rofiq. Furthermore, the completion of this study would not be possible without support and help from members of the Graduate School. I am really indebted to Mas Arief, Mas Adam, Kak Vhemmy, Kak Ima, Kak Nisa, Kak Haula Noor, Kak Windy, Pak Nanang, Mas Jayadi, Mas Ikin, Mas Tony, Pak Anin, Mpok Siti, Pak Rodian, Pak Muhali, Pak Opih, Pak Teguh, Pak Zul, Pak Nisan, Pak Odang, Pak Rojalih (alm.), and other members of the Graduate School. My gratitude goes next to Yayasan Al-Mas?udiyah, Sukabumi. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the asa>ti>dh and santris at the Pesantren Miftahul Huda Al-Mas?udiyah, Rindu Alam, Sukabumi. A place where I was raised and educated with the religious sciences. A place with a tranquility which stimulate me to learn more about ad-di>n and pursue further for a higher degree in learning. My deepest gratitude delivers to Abah Didi (KH. Syeikh Ibnu Mas?ud Rd. Didi Djajadinata); Drs. Ade Suwardi Mufti Al-Huda; Ibu Hetty Munigar; H. Abdulrohman; Drs. KH. Mustafidin Ahmad; Ust. H. Abdul Madjid, SM, MM.Pd (alm.); Ust. H. Rahmat Saleh, S.Ag. In particular, to my former college, STAI Al-Mas?udiyah; as a place for me to express my notion in which I dedicated with. The completion of this study would not be possible without the support from the member of this institution. I would like to express my sincere appreciation and thanks to Ust. H. Ahmad Bisri Musthafa, MA; Ust. Dr. Ahmad Izzan, MA; Ust. Ade Djuanda, M.Ag (alm.); Ust. Drs. Soheh Abdurahman, M.Pd; Ibu Euis Andriani, M.Pd; Ust. Hoerudin, MA; Ust. Zarqoni Heryanto, SE; Ust. Ariza Ajiwinata, SHI; Umi Khaeratunnisak, S.Ag; Ust. Yudi Ruswandi, S.Pd.I; Ust. Asep Rijwan Suhendi, S.Pd.I; Ust. Entis Sutisna, SHI; and other academic staff and lecturers. Other thankfulness also delivers to Pesantren Al-Bayyinah, Muara Sanding, Garut; as the first place at Indonesia that introduced to my family and stayed before transferal to Sukabumi. My deepest gratitude delivers to Abah Anwar (KH. Anwar Musaddad); Abah Yusuf (KH. Yusuf Tauzirie); and to their family KH. Cecep Abdul Halim, Lc and Ibu Hj. Lilis Nurjanah. My gratitude also delivers to Jemaah Salam Singapore and Jemaah Al-Kautsar Batam; specially for mama Haslinda, uncle Jailani, uncle Hamzah, uncle Jamaludin, and to all jemaahs. Thanks to become my family in this world and the next. Their support and pray from the beginning to the end of my study was extraordinary. My thanks also deliver to my tutors and friends in the foreign languages: to Mr. Harris, Herr Sonny, Yusuf Altuntas abi, Ibrahim Terzioglu abi, Mr. Arthur Gubaydullin, Monsieur Abdelaziz Abbaci, Mr. Abo Bakr Chalifa Amtar Ali, Simona Sienkiewicz, Jameela Musorma, Farzona Saidova, Siti Maleekah, Siti Jannah. To my classmates, from the Doctoral candidates in the year 2014/2015: Bu Rosdiana, Bu Rubiyanah, Bu Yuke, Bu Suryani, Bu Nikmah, Bu Husnul, Bu Nisa, Bu Yanti, Pak Mahmud, Pak Ayyub, Pak Hanafi, Pak Farhan, Pak Marsaid, Pak Fauzani, Pak Afwan, Ust. Azmi, Pak Yoyo, Pak Udin, Pak Isa, Pak Uksan, Ust. Istikhori, Pak Yusri, Pak Wari, Pak Pendeta (Hannas), Pak Budi, Pak Fauzani, Pak Asep, Pak Syam, Pak Ayatullah, Pak Mujahid, Pak Iman, Pak Julian, Dahrul Abi, Mas Sofi, Abg Zakaria, Abg Zulfarizal. To my classmates from Master candidates in the year 2014/2015: Liana, Nurul, Mbk Izzah, Meta, Bu Zuraida, Bu Junaidah, Zulfa, Arliana, Kak Khalilah, Syifa Abla, Mbk Yuni, Abg Sahlan, Abg Amir, Abg Akmal, Bro Oka, Bro Nawir, Bro Tamam, Abg Harahap, Bro Alwi, Bro Fauzan, Ust. Hizbullah, Bro Fawzi, Ust. Atho, Ust. Yunal, Ust. Daud, A Anwar, A Komar, Bg Afif, Ust. Aziz, Bg Alfiandri, Bg Zulkifli, Bro Imam, Ust. Sirojuddin, Bg Luthfi, Ust. Anang, and the others. To my friends in the women quite room (WQR): Bu Nurlaila, Bu Ainal, Bu Fadhlina, Bu Ida Musdafia, Kak Deffi, Unni Yeni, Kak Roza, Bu Wulan, Kak Rifqy, Mutiara. Also other friends whom I recognized: Pak Ali Halidin, Pak Idrianto Faishal, Pak Paulus Tasik Galle, Pak Appriliantoni, Pak Daminto, Pak Yahya Agil, Pak Saparudin, Mas Adzan Noor, Bu Any Widayatsari, Kak Wina Tresna Rahayu, Bu Umi Kulsum, Bu Nuraini, Kak Ngainurrahmah, Abg Zain, Bro Yudril, Bro Fadhil, Bro Hafidz, A Sansan, Mas Ainun, Kak Dewi Sutrisna, Kak Sonia, Abg Ikhwan, Bg Iwan, Bro Rof?il, Abg Mas?adi, Teh Rika, Vhya, Hasna, A Fahmi, Bu Ipah, Bro Rama, Bro Adit, Mas Adeni, and other friends whom I cannot mention their names one by one proportionally. Special thanks to all of them who has helped me differently formulate my ideas and enjoy the difficult time I had to face during the completion of my study in Jakarta. Not less importantly, also to those who act as my teacher and friends: Pak Mu?min, Ust. Anshor, Pak Umar, Mr. Iksan, Pak Irawan, Pak Hasan, Pak Zulfis, Pak Umar Syam, Pak Irvani, Pak Amir, Pak Asep Saepulloh, Romo Gregorius Soetomo, Abg Irham; whose valuable criticism and comments have helped me shape the focus of my study. Also to Buya Ihsan Ahmad and to my Libyan friend?s, Bro Othman Eltalis; who helped me to read and retranslate by using an appropriate Arabic language for the abstract of this thesis. Thanks for taking the time amid the bustle of activities. Thanks for the kindness and encouragement. To the one and my only sister, Masayu Fatimah Azzahrah Bte Masagos Zainudin, I owe you many things for your sincere support and help during the completion of this study. Thanks for having a great discussion about our study while keep on accompany my loneliness in Jakarta. Thanks to become the best sister and I promise to spend my time more with you again after finishing the writing. Above all, my deepest respect and gratitude go to my big family at Singapore, the family of Masagos and Ibrahim. The most importantly to my parent, Masagos Zainudin Bin Masagos Mohamad and Selina Bte Ibrahim who always motivate with their loves and pray for my life. Their decision to put me and my sister to learn and lives more at Sukabumi is the best selection to gain more worthy life provision. Both affection for us is one of the sublime realities of worldly life, therefore, filial gratitude to them is a most urgent and tireless duty. Thanks for sacrifice your life for both of us. Jazakalla>h ah}san al-jaza>?! All praise is due to the Lord, the Almighty, who gives the breath, the strength ? in truth everything ? to this humble servant. He indeed, who taught me and assisted me in this life journey. Alh}amdulilla>hi h}amdan kathi>ra>

    Retinoblastoma in Asia: Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcomes in 2112 Patients from 33 Countries

    No full text
    Purpose: To describe the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of children who received a diagnosis of retinoblastoma in 2017 throughout Asia. Design: Multinational, prospective study including treatment-naïve patients in Asia who received a diagnosis of retinoblastoma in 2017 and were followed up thereafter. Participants: A total of 2112 patients (2797 eyes) from 96 retinoblastoma treatment centers in 33 Asian countries. Interventions: Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, enucleation, and orbital exenteration. Main Outcome Measures: Enucleation and death. Results: Within the cohort, 1021 patients (48%) were from South Asia (SA), 503 patients (24%) were from East Asia (EA), 310 patients (15%) were from Southeast Asia (SEA), 218 patients (10%) were from West Asia (WA), and 60 patients (3%) were from Central Asia (CA). Mean age at presentation was 27 months (median, 23 months; range, < 1–261 months). The cohort included 1195 male patients (57%) and 917 female patients (43%). The most common presenting symptoms were leukocoria (72%) and strabismus (13%). Using the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, Eighth Edition, classification, tumors were staged as cT1 (n = 441 [16%]), cT2 (n = 951 [34%]), cT3 (n = 1136 [41%]), cT4 (n = 267 [10%]), N1 (n = 48 [2%]), and M1 (n = 129 [6%]) at presentation. Retinoblastoma was treated with intravenous chemotherapy in 1450 eyes (52%) and 857 eyes (31%) underwent primary enucleation. Three-year Kaplan-Meier estimates for enucleation and death were 33% and 13% for CA, 18% and 4% for EA, 27% and 15% for SA, 32% and 22% for SEA, and 20% and 11% for WA (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusions: At the conclusion of this study, significant heterogeneity was found in treatment outcomes of retinoblastoma among the regions of Asia. East Asia displayed better outcomes with higher rates of globe and life salvage, whereas Southeast Asia showed poorer outcomes compared with the rest of Asia. Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article

    The Global Retinoblastoma Outcome Study: a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

    No full text
    Background Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. Methods We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1,2017, and Dec 31,2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. Findings The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23.2 months (IQR 11.0-36.5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0.8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5.4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19. 7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42.9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enudeation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98.8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99.5% (95% CI 98.8-100.0) for children from high-income countries, 91.2% (89.5-93.0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80.3% (78.3-82.3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57.3% (524-63-0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16.67; 95% CI 4.76-50.00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8.98; 4.44-18.18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1.38 per year; 1.23-1.56). For children aged 3-7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0.0104 for the change in slope). Interpretation This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Y
    corecore