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To Detect or Not To Detect: Dual Process Models and Cognitive Failures
Full text linkWhen faced with a decision regarding probability or heuristics, people generally show their bias toward a heuristic, even if it might be the wrong decision, such as on the classic base-rate neglect task (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). The crucial question is whether people know that they are focused on this bias. Recent dual process theories (DPTs) have incorporated the crucial role of conflict detection and resolution to better explain why people are biased on classic reasoning and judgment tasks. Two recent models, the Logical Intuition Model (De Neys, 2012) and the Three-stages Model (Pennycook, Fugelsang, & Koehler, 2015) suggest that the source of errors and bias can be explained in two distinct ways. The Logical Intuition Model postulates that people are generally efficient and routine conflict detectors and that errors are due to a failure to inhibit an initial, intuitive response. The Three-stages Model claims that detection is imperfect and that the detection mechanism is the main source of errors because people do not recognize that they are making biased decisions. These claims were investigated in a series of three experiments. In Experiment 1, participants completed a modified base-rate neglect task. In Experiment 2, a conditional reasoning task was added to test whether the claims of the two base-rate neglect models would transfer to a qualitatively different task. In Experiment 3, participants were placed into four different groups where they were given one of two forms of false feedback, true feedback, or no feedback (control) in order to test whether feedback would interact with answer confidence and resultant intuitive or analytic processing correlates (such as response time). Across all three experiments, the Three-stages Model’s claim that monitoring/detection failures is the main source of bias on the base-rate neglect task was supported over the Logical Intuition Model’s claim of inhibition failures as the major source of bias. Experiments 2 and 3 support the explanation that these two models are task-specific to base-rate neglect, as conditional reasoning behavioral patterns did not support either model fully. Feedback did not have the predicted effects on accuracy, response times, or confidence. Implications of these findings regarding general dual process theory, including the impact of methodological limitations, are discussed. Small modifications to the Three-stages Model are offered to reflect the data presented here
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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Revising beliefs about imagined relations: the role of logic and content
Full text linkDispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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Resolving Anaphoric Reference: Readings Enythmemic Reasoning
Full text linkkoamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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