1,720,964 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
The relevance of bread consumption for body weight and glycaemic control : Epidemiological and clinical studies in humans
Get PDFBakgrunn: Brød er en høyt konsumert matvare som, avhengig av brødtype og næringsinnhold, kan utgjøre en av våre viktigste kilder til fullkorn og kostfiber – næringsstoffer som er assosiert med en rekke gunstige helseeffekter som bedre regulering av kroppsvekt og redusert risiko for utvikling av fedme og type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Bedre blodsukkerregulering er en av de foreslåtte mekanismene bak de gunstige helseeffektene. Det mangler imidlertid studier som har undersøkt om brødinntak påvirker langsiktig vektregulering samt en oversikt over den potensielle effekten modifiserte og «sunnere» brødtyper, for eksempel brød tilsatt kostfibret β-glukan, kan ha på blodsukkerregulering. Videre er det også usikkerhet knyttet til de mekanistiske prosessene som fører til redusert blodsukkerrespons etter inntak av kostfiber.
Mål: Undersøke om I) brød- og fullkorninntak påvirker vektendringer i løpet av voksenlivet, utforske II) effekten av modifiserte («sunnere») brød på glykemisk kontroll, og undersøke III) magesekktømming og sekresjon av tarmhormoner som mulige mekanismer som forklarer hvordan kostfibret β-glukan reduserer glukoserespons.
Metode: Tre ulike studier ble gjennomført. Artikkel 1 er basert på en prospektiv kohortstudie der menn og kvinner som deltok i den andre og tredje bølgen av Helseundersøkelsen i Hordaland ble inkludert. Eksponering var brødinntak, fullkorninntak, og plasma alkylresorsinol (AR)-konsentrasjoner målt ved start. Utfallet var vektendring i løpet av oppfølgingstiden på 20 år. Artikkel II er en systematisk litteraturgjennomgang og meta-analyse av intervensjonsstudier som evaluerer effekten av regelmessig inntak av modifiserte brødtyper på glykemisk kontroll hos friske voksne eller voksne med økt kardiovaskulær risiko og/eller T2D. Et systematisk litteratursøk ble gjennomført. Studier som kvalifiserte til inklusjon benyttet en brødintervensjon (≥2 uker) og rapporterte glykemiske kontrollmål (fastende blodsukker, fastende insulinnivåer, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, eller glykemisk respons etter måltid). Artikkel III er basert på en randomisert overkrysningsstudie der 22 friske voksne spiste 25 g karbohydrater fra et β-glukan-beriket havrebrød (havrebrød) eller et hvetebasert fullkornbrød (hvetebrød) på to ulike tidspunkter. Magesekktømming (halveringstid (T1/2), forsinkelsesfase (Tlag) og tømningshastighet (GER)) ble estimert basert på ultralydmålinger av antrumarealet i fastende tilstand og 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 og 120 minutter etter inntak av brødmåltidene. Kapillær glukose, serum insulin og plasma glukagon-liknende peptid 1 (GLP-1) ble målt ved samme tidspunkt.
Resultat: Blant 1764 menn og kvinner inkludert i Artikkel I var ikke totalt brødinntak relatert til vektendring gjennom voksenlivet, likevel var inntaket av loff assosiert med vektøkning. Fullkorninntak og plasma AR-konsentrasjoner viste en invers assosiasjon med vektøkning i oppfølgingsperioden. I Artikkel II ble 22 intervensjonsstudier (n = 1037 deltakere) inkludert. Sammenlignet med "vanlig" brød eller kontrollbrød, førte inntak av modifiserte brød til lavere fastende blodsukker, men ingen forskjeller i fastende insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c eller glykemisk respons var åpenbare. Subgruppeanalyser avslørte at den gunstige effekten på fastende blodsukker var avgrenset til personer med T2D. I Artikkel III hadde havrebrødet en signifikant effekt magesekktømming der T1/2 og Tlag var økt sammenlignet med hvetebrødet. I tillegg reduserte havrebrødet glukose- og insulinresponsen sammenlignet med hvetebrødet. Det var ingen forskjeller i GLP-1-respons mellom de to brødene.
Konklusjon: Funn fra doktorgradsprosjektet antyder at hvilken brødtype man spiser kan påvirke I) vektregulering og II) glykemisk kontroll, og at brød kan modifiseres for å oppnå mer gunstige helseeffekter. Selv hos friske voksne med normal glukosetoleranse, førte inntak av et β-glukan-beriket brød til redusert glukose- og insulinrespons, en effekt som kan skyldes hvordan β-glukaner påvirker bearbeiding av magesekkinnholdet. Selv om brød bare er én av mange matvarer i kostholdet vårt, kan bevissthet rundt hvilken brødtype man velger og dets karbohydratkvalitet være av relevans for metabolsk helse.Background: Bread is a commonly consumed staple that can be a source of whole grains and dietary fibres – nutrients associated with a range of beneficial health effects including improved body weight regulation and reduced risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). An improved glycaemic control is one of the potential mechanisms suggested to be partly responsible for these beneficial effects. However, studies investigating the association of bread intake with longer-term weight changes are lacking, and overall, a direct appraisal of the relevance of reformulated bread as a food group, i.e., “healthier” bread types such as β-glucan-enriched breads, on glycaemic control is warranted. Lastly, the underlying mechanisms in which whole grains and dietary fibres may improve glycaemic control and attenuate postprandial glycaemic responses are not fully understood.
Aim: To investigate I) the association of bread and whole grain intake with weight change from middle to late adulthood, to explore II) the effect of reformulated breads on glycaemic control, and to investigate III) possible mechanisms explaining how the dietary fibre β-glucan attenuates postprandial glycaemic responses.
Method: Three distinct studies were conducted. Paper I is based on a prospective cohort study where men and women participating in the second and third wave of the Hordaland Health Studies were included. Exposures were bread intake, whole-grain intake, and plasma alkylresorcinol (AR) concentrations, a biomarker for whole-grain wheat and rye intake, measured at baseline. The outcome variable was weight change (kg) during the approximately 20-year follow-up. Paper II is a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention trials evaluating the effects of regular consumption of reformulated breads on glycaemic control among healthy adults, adults at cardiometabolic risk or with T2D. A systematic literature search was performed. Eligible studies employed a bread intervention (≥2 wk) in adults and reported glycaemic outcomes (fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and postprandial glucose response). Data were pooled using a generic inverse variance with a random-effects model and presented as mean difference (MD) or standardised MD between treatments with 95% CIs. Paper III is based on a randomised crossover trial in 22 healthy adults receiving 25 g of available carbohydrates from a β-glucan-enriched oat bread (oat bread) or a control whole-wheat bread (wheat bread) at two non-consecutive days. Gastric emptying parameters (half-time (T1/2), lag phase (Tlag), and gastric emptying rate (GER)) were determined based on ultrasound measures of the gastric antrum area in the fasting state and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min postprandially. Capillary glucose, serum insulin, and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations were measured at the same time points.
Results: In 1764 men and women included in Paper I, total bread intake did not predict body weight change, although intake of refined wheat bread was associated with increased weight gain. There was an inverse association of baseline whole-grain intake and plasma AR concentrations with weight gain during the 20-year follow-up. In Paper II, 22 intervention trials (n = 1037 participants) were included. Compared with “regular” or comparator bread consumption, reformulated intervention breads yielded lower fasting blood glucose, yet no differences in fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, or postprandial glucose response were evident. Subgroup analyses revealed beneficial effects on fasting blood glucose only among people with T2D. In Paper III, consumption of the oat bread significantly increased the T1/2 and Tlag compared with the wheat bread. Additionally, the oat bread significantly reduced postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses. No difference in GLP-1 response between the two breads was observed.
Conclusion: Findings from the current thesis suggest that I) weight regulation and II) glycaemic control is influenced by the type of bread consumed, and that bread can be reformulated to achieve beneficial health effects. Even in healthy adults with normal glucose homeostasis, consumption of a β-glucan-enriched bread III) reduced the postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses, an effect which might be related to alternations in the gastric emptying pattern following ingestion of β-glucans. Although bread is only one of many food items in our diet, being aware of the type of bread consumed and its carbohydrate quality is of relevance for our metabolic health.Doktorgradsavhandlin
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