1,720,961 research outputs found
The Inconsistencies of Galadriel: The Influence of Earlier Legendarium in \u3ci\u3eThe Lord of the Rings\u3c/i\u3e
Full text linkExplores how various tales of the earlier legendarium (History of Middle-earth, vol. 1-5) influence The Lord of the Rings’s development. The connection stretches beyond the obvious adoption of previously composed myths to self-borrowing of settings and characters. In particular, analyzes the character of Galadriel, who often seems to parallel Melian, another Lady of the Wood. Though potentially a composite of many influences, Galadriel was written quickly as if its author followed an already fixed model. But her story contains what Chirstopher Tolkien called severe inconsistencies suggesting that this model was not fully aligned with the narrative, i.e. originated in a different character such as Melian
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
The English and the Welsh: Tolkien’s Rewriting of History in the Legendarium
Full text linkEarly legendarium is often called a mythology for England, while Tolkien\u27s later tales have been described as mythologies for Britain (by Dimitra Fimi) or Englishness (by Thomas Honegger). Later legendarium still contains fictional versions of English-like peoples, the Hobbits and the Rohirrim. Their construction leads to a re-construction of elements of English history in the subcreation, that often produces fictional analogs not only of the English but of the Welsh. How Tolkien described contacts between the English and their closest neighbors reveals his idea of Englishness (his own national identity) and its place in the narrative.
This article traces appearances and absences of the Welsh in the legendarium. I argue that initially Tolkien\u27s mythology intended to produce an origin story for the English than could replace the more anti-English historical framework of Geoffrey of Monmouth and earlier Anglo-Saxon and Welsh texts. This led to decreasing the role of the Welsh in British history and direct attacks on their garbled tales. In later legendarium, Tolkien does not rewrite the history of the primary world but constructs idealized allusions. He sets his analogs of the English as non-imperial and culturally self-contained, confirmed by their interactions with the analogs of the Welsh. Englishness contrasts with Welshness but, paradoxically, can neither fully absorb its counterpart not separate from it
Saunders Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, and the Place of Magic in Fantasy
No full textWelsh writer Saunders Lewis was, just as his almost exact contemporary J.R.R.Tolkien, a politically conservative Catholic with a deep interest in medieval myths. Both authors wrote fantasy based on Celtic tales, such as Lewis\u27s play Blodeuwedd and Tolkien\u27s poem The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun. While the latter follows the dicta of Tolkien\u27s own On Fairy-stories, Lewis created a more modernist work. Despite biographical and ideological similarities, the two approached their sources differently. Tolkien looked for unifying aesthetic principles that he called unhazy unromantic momentariness, while Lewis used the traditional material to escape the constraints of romantic and realistic fiction.
This article concentrates primarily on one aspect of Lewis\u27s and Tolkien\u27s adaptation of the source material: the location of Faerie and magic within their secondary worlds. Tolkien, in a more traditional manner, separates the Faerie (where magic originates) from the world of Men. Lewis, while keeping the traditional Celtic Otherworld, sets apart the forest of the fey and the castles of men; magic is produced through their contact. Tolkien expected integrity in his secondary worlds, while Lewis wrote about the individual in conflict with the objective. Thus for the former, magic/enchantment is a neutral tool, and for the latter, a rare and dangerous power. As this article also discusses, their different approaches to fantasy explain different treatments of Welsh sources such as the Mabinogion, which Tolkien criticized throughout his life
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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