39 research outputs found
Charting the road to eradication: health facility data and Malaria indicator generation in rural Tanzania
No full text
CHAPTER 5. International Health and the Proliferation of “Partnerships”: (Un)Intended Boost for State Institutions in Tanzania?
No full textAN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF NO2 AND TEMPERATURE ON THE PASSIVE OXIDATION AND ACTIVE REGENERATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN A DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER
No full textIn this study the oxidation of particulate matter (PM) retained in a catalyzed particulate filter (CPF) is investigated to understand the kinetics of PM oxidation. Seven passive oxidation and four active regeneration experiments were performed on a Cummins ISB 2013 280 hp engine and the production aftertreatment system adapted to a lab setup, in order to study the NO2 assisted and thermal oxidation of the PM retained in the CPF. The CPF was loaded with PM produced by the engine and the PM was then oxidized in the CPF under various Passive Oxidation (PO) and Active Regeneration (AR) conditions.
First, the engine was operated at an engine condition that produced PM at a greater rate than the production setting, in order to load the CPF to 3.0 ± 0.4 g/L in a suitable time of 6 hours.
To study the NO2 assisted oxidation, exhaust at pre-determined engine conditions with low PM concentration (\u3c 5 mg/scm) and the required NO2 concentration and temperature was flowed through the CPF. During the PO testing, the exhaust temperature into the CPF varied from 299 – 385 °C, the NO2 concentration varied between 137 – 1013 ppm and the exhaust mass flowrate varied between 3.63 – 12.0 kg/min.
Thermal oxidation was studied by operating the engine at a specific condition where the exhaust at the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) inlet was at a higher temperature than the light-off temperature of hydrocarbon oxidation in the DOC (300 °C). Late combustion cycle fuel dosing was performed and the hydrocarbons in the dosed fuel were oxidized across the DOC. This created an exotherm and raised the exhaust temperature into the CPF to the required value between 498 – 575 °C to oxidize the PM retained in the CPF at the end of loading, by reaction with O2. The O2 concentration into the CPF varied between 8.17 to 9.03%.
It was found that the NO2 assisted kinetics could be represented using the standard Arrhenius equation. The activation energy obtained using the standard Arrhenius model, is 94 kJ/gmol and the pre-exponential factor obtained is 25.5 1/ppm/s. The thermal oxidation reaction rate could be similarly represented using the O2 concentration and temperature over the range of conditions studied. The activation energy for thermal oxidation was found to be 136 kJ/gmol and the pre-exponential factor obtained is 3.56 1/ppm/s. It was found that for two of the passive oxidation tests, the reaction rates were higher than that predicted using the Arrhenius representation. The Loading Engine Condition also showed higher reaction kinetics than the NO2assisted kinetics.
The engine and exhaust conditions as well as reaction rates obtained as part of this study are intended to be compared to the corresponding values obtained for a SCR-in-DPF substrate that is currently being studied at Michigan Tech as the next phase of study. The purpose of this comparison is to understand the difference in performance of both aftertreatment systems in light of their respective weights and volumes.
The data obtained during this study is also being used to calibrate the 1-D CPF model at MTU. An introduction to the model is provided in this thesis, and the important variables of the study that are also used for model calibration are presented in the appropriate sections
WAAROM WAS DE EIGENARESSE VAN DE FIBULA VAN WIJNALDUM EEN KONINGIN?
No full textThe question whether the fibula from Wijnaldum can be regarded as evidence for the existence af kingship in early medieval Frisia is a subject af debate among Dutch archaeologists. The author argues that this is partly a matter af definition. Archaeologically, the fibula from Wijnaldum is comparable to jewellery found in graves with an historically \u27royal\u27 signature
Assessing the Consequences of Stigma for Tuberculosis Patients in Urban Zambia
No full textAssessing the consequences of stigma for tuberculosis patients in urban zambia Cremers, A.L.; de Laat, M.M.; Kapata, N.; Gerrets, R.P.M.; Klipstein-Grobusch, K.; Grobusch, M.P. Published in: PLoS ONE DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119861 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Cremers, A. L., de Laat, M. M., Kapata, N., Gerrets, R., Klipstein-Grobusch, K., & Grobusch, M. P. (2015). Assessing the consequences of stigma for tuberculosis patients in urban zambia. PLoS ONE, 10(3), [e0119861]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119861 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Abstract Background Stigma is one of the many factors hindering tuberculosis (TB) control by negatively affecting hospital delay and treatment compliance. In Zambia, the morbidity and mortality due to TB remains high, despite extended public health attempts to control the epidemic and to diminish stigma. Study Aim To enhance understanding of TB-related stigmatizing perceptions and to describe TB patients' experiences of stigma in order to point out recommendations to improve TB policy. Methods We conducted a mixed method study at Kanyama clinic and surrounding areas, in Lusaka, Zambia; structured interviews with 300 TB patients, multiple in-depth interviews with 30 TB patients and 10 biomedical health workers, 3 focus group discussions with TB patients and treatment supporters, complemented by participant observation and policy analysis of the TB control program. Predictors of stigma were identified by use of multivariate regression analyses; qualitative analysis of the in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation was used for triangulation of the study findings. Results We focused on the 138/300 patients that described TB-related perceptions and attitudes, of whom 113 (82%) reported stigma. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data from the TBAC study are contained within the paper. Additional data will be made available by our first author. The original data contain information which may lead to the identification of study subjects and in order to protect their privacy, a request to gain access to the original data is needed. Funding: No specific funding was received for this study other than the personal grants for ALC specified below. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. both among children and adults and included low self-esteem, insults, ridicule, discrimination, social exclusion, and isolation leading to a decreased quality of life and social status, non-disclosure, and/or difficulties with treatment compliance and adherence. Women had significantly more stigma-related problems than men. Conclusions The findings illustrate that many TB patients faced stigma-related issues, often hindering effective TB control and suggesting that current efforts to reduce stigma are not yet optimal. The content and implementation of sensitization programs should be improved and more emphasis needs to be placed on women and children. Introduction Alongside biological, economic, and cultural barriers to effective tuberculosis (TB) control, stigma constitutes one of the major social factors causing hospital delay and hindering compliance among TB patients The importance of addressing stigma related to TB is illustrated by the fact that this disease is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Zambia ranks 29 th among the world's top TB countries identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) having 427/100.000 incident TB cases in the year 2012. HIV co-infection rate is 61% and MDR-TB prevails in 0.3% of new Consequences of Stigma for Tuberculosis Patients in Urban Zambia PLOS ONE
Why the pseudo matters to global health
No full textThis introductory article presents the concept of the pseudo as a means of challenging the confidence with which many within global health approach ideas and praxis in terms of binary oppositions, such as real or fake. We argue that this confidence, in clearly discernible dichotomies, ignores the core theme inspiring this special issue: that of the ‘in-between phenomena’ – the fake-in-the-real, the authentic-in-the-inauthentic, and so forth. Instead of taking binary oppositions as stable, we examine empirical examples of continuums between polar opposites. Drawing on Popper’s discussion of pseudoscience, as theories existing between science and non-science, we approach the ambiguous, uncertain and unstable and ‘in-between’ phenomena as manifestations of pseudo global health. We argue that the pseudo enables approaches more reflective of the messiness and lack of certainty of everyday encounters with global health, while illuminating phenomena that are often kept ‘backstage’. Finally, we discuss three intersecting themes raised by the special issue articles: ideas of geography, and in particular, questions about assumed relationships between (jn)authenticity and locality; the role of methods in examining pseudo global health, and the role of power and how paying attention to areas of ambiguity can disrupt assumptions about who holds power and where power lies
Evaluating Standstill Detection Systems: A quantitative and qualitative evaluation of standstill detections systems
No full textConstruction Management and EngineeringStructural EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
