1,720,954 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Charge cognitive et allocation des ressources attentionnelles en situation multitâche et multimodale simulée : le cas du chef de groupe d'infanterie
No full textThe saturation of infantry squad leaders' cognitive resources is a major challenge of modern military operations. A high cognitive load entails risks for the health and safety of the combatant, and it is necessary to study the factors responsible for this increase. Ecological situations by their very nature lack experimental control, so microworlds that simulate real-life tasks are the usual alternative to field studies. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are currently no microworlds reproducing the operational tasks of an infantry squad leader. Moreover, one of the causes of increased cognitive load is the saturation of visual-spatial and auditory-verbal perceptual channels, a phenomenon regularly encountered by squad leaders when they have to perform several tasks simultaneously, such as commanding subordinates and orienting themselves in the environment. This problem is part of an ongoing debate that pits single-resource attention models against multiple, independent resource models. Experimentation is needed to help resolve this debate. The aim of this thesis was twofold. The first was to design and validate a new microworld: the Simulated Multitasking Environment for the Squad leader (SMES). Qualitative research was first carried out to identify several generic tasks of the squad leader (i.e. common to many situations in the field), which guided the design of SMES. The psychometric validation of SMES was then based on two experiments: (i) the first assessed the psychometric qualities of the microworld when tasks were performed individually; and (ii) the second explored simultaneous tasks, reflecting the complexity of the real environment. The results showed that the parameters manipulated for each task were relevant for inducing different levels of cognitive load. The convergent and content validity of the SMES were also satisfactory in multitask conditions, but not in monotask conditions. Performance in multitasking situations therefore does not seem to depend on the specific skills mobilized by each task, suggesting the existence of a general multitasking ability. The second aim of the thesis was to study the effect of the requirement of a multitasking situation on cognitive load as a function of the perceptual modalities of the tasks. Experimentation was used to address some of the limitations identified in the literature, such as the lack of control over the individual demand level of competing tasks, the speed-accuracy trade-off and the overall demand of the multitasking situation. The results show that, as cognitive load increases, a general (i.e. amodal) resource reservoir supplements the visual-spatial and auditory-verbal reservoirs. This suggests the existence of a hierarchical model integrating single and multiple resource models. At the end of this research program, we propose recommendations for the design of future equipment to reduce the cognitive load generated by its use.La saturation des ressources cognitives des chefs de groupe d'infanterie est un défi majeur des opérations militaires modernes. Une charge cognitive élevée entraîne en effet des risques pour la santé et la sécurité du combattant et il est nécessaire d'étudier les facteurs responsables de cette augmentation. Les situations écologiques manquent par nature de contrôle expérimental et par conséquent, les micromondes qui simulent des tâches réelles sont l'alternative habituelle aux études de terrain. Toutefois, à notre connaissance, il n'existe actuellement aucun micromonde reproduisant les tâches opérationnelles du chef de groupe d'infanterie. De plus, une des causes de l'augmentation du niveau de charge cognitive est la saturation des canaux perceptifs visuo-spatiaux et auditivo-verbaux, un phénomène que rencontre régulièrement le chef de groupe lorsqu'il doit réaliser plusieurs tâches simultanément, telles que commander ses subordonnés et s'orienter dans l'environnement. Cette problématique s'inscrit dans un débat qui perdure encore aujourd'hui et qui oppose des modèles de ressource unique en attention à des modèles de ressources multiples et indépendantes. Mener des expérimentations contribuant à résoudre ce débat est nécessaire. Ce travail de thèse avait donc un double objectif. Le premier visait à concevoir et valider un nouveau micromonde : le Simulated Multitasking Environment for the Squad leader (SMES). Une recherche qualitative a d'abord été menée pour mettre en évidence plusieurs tâches génériques du chef de groupe (c.-à-d., communes à de nombreuses situations sur le terrain) et qui ont guidé la conception du SMES. La validation psychométrique du SMES s'est ensuite appuyée sur deux expérimentations : (i) la première a évalué les qualités psychométriques du micromonde lorsque les tâches étaient exécutées individuellement ; et (ii) la seconde a exploré des tâches simultanées, reflétant la complexité de l'environnement réel. Les résultats ont montré que les paramètres manipulés pour chaque tâche étaient pertinents pour induire différents niveaux de charge cognitive. La validité convergente et de contenu du SMES étaient également satisfaisantes dans des conditions multitâches, mais pas dans des conditions monotâches. Les performances dans les situations multitâches ne semblent donc pas dépendre des habiletés spécifiques mobilisées par chaque tâche, ce qui suggère l'existence d'une habileté générale au multitâche. Le deuxième objectif de la thèse visait à étudier l'effet de l'exigence d'une situation multitâche sur la charge cognitive en fonction des modalités perceptives des tâches. Une expérimentation a permis de répondre à certaines limites identifiées dans la littérature, telles que le manque de contrôle du niveau d'exigence individuel des tâches en concurrence, le compromis vitesse-précision et l'exigence globale de la situation multitâche. Les résultats montrent qu'à mesure que la charge cognitive augmente, un réservoir de ressource générale (c.-à-d., amodal) viendrait suppléer les réservoirs visuo-spatiaux et auditivo-verbaux. Cela suggère l'existence d'un modèle hiérarchique intégrant les modèles de ressource unique et de ressources multiples. À l'issue de ce programme de recherche, nous proposons des recommandations pour la conception de futurs équipements afin de réduire la charge cognitive générée par leur utilisation
Cognitive load and attentional resource allocation in simulated multitask and multimodal situations : the case of the infantry squad leader
No full textLa saturation des ressources cognitives des chefs de groupe d'infanterie est un défi majeur des opérations militaires modernes. Une charge cognitive élevée entraîne en effet des risques pour la santé et la sécurité du combattant et il est nécessaire d'étudier les facteurs responsables de cette augmentation. Les situations écologiques manquent par nature de contrôle expérimental et par conséquent, les micromondes qui simulent des tâches réelles sont l'alternative habituelle aux études de terrain. Toutefois, à notre connaissance, il n'existe actuellement aucun micromonde reproduisant les tâches opérationnelles du chef de groupe d'infanterie. De plus, une des causes de l'augmentation du niveau de charge cognitive est la saturation des canaux perceptifs visuo-spatiaux et auditivo-verbaux, un phénomène que rencontre régulièrement le chef de groupe lorsqu'il doit réaliser plusieurs tâches simultanément, telles que commander ses subordonnés et s'orienter dans l'environnement. Cette problématique s'inscrit dans un débat qui perdure encore aujourd'hui et qui oppose des modèles de ressource unique en attention à des modèles de ressources multiples et indépendantes. Mener des expérimentations contribuant à résoudre ce débat est nécessaire. Ce travail de thèse avait donc un double objectif. Le premier visait à concevoir et valider un nouveau micromonde : le Simulated Multitasking Environment for the Squad leader (SMES). Une recherche qualitative a d'abord été menée pour mettre en évidence plusieurs tâches génériques du chef de groupe (c.-à-d., communes à de nombreuses situations sur le terrain) et qui ont guidé la conception du SMES. La validation psychométrique du SMES s'est ensuite appuyée sur deux expérimentations : (i) la première a évalué les qualités psychométriques du micromonde lorsque les tâches étaient exécutées individuellement ; et (ii) la seconde a exploré des tâches simultanées, reflétant la complexité de l'environnement réel. Les résultats ont montré que les paramètres manipulés pour chaque tâche étaient pertinents pour induire différents niveaux de charge cognitive. La validité convergente et de contenu du SMES étaient également satisfaisantes dans des conditions multitâches, mais pas dans des conditions monotâches. Les performances dans les situations multitâches ne semblent donc pas dépendre des habiletés spécifiques mobilisées par chaque tâche, ce qui suggère l'existence d'une habileté générale au multitâche. Le deuxième objectif de la thèse visait à étudier l'effet de l'exigence d'une situation multitâche sur la charge cognitive en fonction des modalités perceptives des tâches. Une expérimentation a permis de répondre à certaines limites identifiées dans la littérature, telles que le manque de contrôle du niveau d'exigence individuel des tâches en concurrence, le compromis vitesse-précision et l'exigence globale de la situation multitâche. Les résultats montrent qu'à mesure que la charge cognitive augmente, un réservoir de ressource générale (c.-à-d., amodal) viendrait suppléer les réservoirs visuo-spatiaux et auditivo-verbaux. Cela suggère l'existence d'un modèle hiérarchique intégrant les modèles de ressource unique et de ressources multiples. À l'issue de ce programme de recherche, nous proposons des recommandations pour la conception de futurs équipements afin de réduire la charge cognitive générée par leur utilisation.The saturation of infantry squad leaders' cognitive resources is a major challenge of modern military operations. A high cognitive load entails risks for the health and safety of the combatant, and it is necessary to study the factors responsible for this increase. Ecological situations by their very nature lack experimental control, so microworlds that simulate real-life tasks are the usual alternative to field studies. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are currently no microworlds reproducing the operational tasks of an infantry squad leader. Moreover, one of the causes of increased cognitive load is the saturation of visual-spatial and auditory-verbal perceptual channels, a phenomenon regularly encountered by squad leaders when they have to perform several tasks simultaneously, such as commanding subordinates and orienting themselves in the environment. This problem is part of an ongoing debate that pits single-resource attention models against multiple, independent resource models. Experimentation is needed to help resolve this debate. The aim of this thesis was twofold. The first was to design and validate a new microworld: the Simulated Multitasking Environment for the Squad leader (SMES). Qualitative research was first carried out to identify several generic tasks of the squad leader (i.e. common to many situations in the field), which guided the design of SMES. The psychometric validation of SMES was then based on two experiments: (i) the first assessed the psychometric qualities of the microworld when tasks were performed individually; and (ii) the second explored simultaneous tasks, reflecting the complexity of the real environment. The results showed that the parameters manipulated for each task were relevant for inducing different levels of cognitive load. The convergent and content validity of the SMES were also satisfactory in multitask conditions, but not in monotask conditions. Performance in multitasking situations therefore does not seem to depend on the specific skills mobilized by each task, suggesting the existence of a general multitasking ability. The second aim of the thesis was to study the effect of the requirement of a multitasking situation on cognitive load as a function of the perceptual modalities of the tasks. Experimentation was used to address some of the limitations identified in the literature, such as the lack of control over the individual demand level of competing tasks, the speed-accuracy trade-off and the overall demand of the multitasking situation. The results show that, as cognitive load increases, a general (i.e. amodal) resource reservoir supplements the visual-spatial and auditory-verbal reservoirs. This suggests the existence of a hierarchical model integrating single and multiple resource models. At the end of this research program, we propose recommendations for the design of future equipment to reduce the cognitive load generated by its use
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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