116 research outputs found
The Use of Resources in Resource Acquisition
No full textThe author considers the processes through which a firm can acquire resources and argues that its current stock of resources create asymmetries in competition for new resources. Two simple models illustrate how this can work through linkages on the demand and/or cost side. The normative implication is that firms should expand their resource portfolios by building on their existing resources; different firms will then acquire different new resources, and small initial heterogeneities will amplify over time
A comparative study of first and all-author co-citation counting, and two different matrix generation approaches applied for author co-citation analyses
No full textAim: The present article contributes to the current methodological debate concerning author co-citation analyses. (ACA) The study compares two different units of analyses, i.e. first- versus inclusive all-author co-citation counting, as well as two different matrix generation approaches, i.e. a conventional multivariate and the so-called Drexel approach, in order to investigate their influence upon mapping results. The aim of the present study is therefore to provide more methodological awareness and empirical evidence concerning author co-citation studies. Method: The study is based on structured XML documents extracted from the IEEE collection. These data allow the construction of ad-hoc citation indexes, which enables us to carry out the hitherto largest all-author co-citation study. Four ACA are made, combining the different units of analyses with the different matrix generation approaches. The results are evaluated quantitatively by means of multidimensional scaling, factor analysis, Procrustes and Mantel statistics. Results: The results show that the inclusion of all cited authors can provide a better fit of data in two-dimensional mappings based on MDS, and that inclusive all-author co-citation counting may lead to stronger groupings in the maps. Further, the two matrix generation approaches produce maps that have some resemblances, but also many differences at the more detailed levels. The Drexel approach produces results that have noticeably lower stress values and are more concentrated into groupings. Finally, the study also demonstrates the importance of sparse matrices and their potential problems in connection with factor analysis. Conclusion: We can confirm that inclusive all-ACA produce more coherent groupings of authors, whereas the present study cannot clearly confirm previous findings that first-ACA identifies more specialties, though some vague indication is given. Most crucially, strong evidence is given to the determining effect that matrix generation approaches have on the mapping of author co-citation data and thus the interpretation of such maps. Evidence is provided for the seemingly advantages of the Drexel approach
Scaling Analysis of Author Level Bibliometric Indicators
No full textDespite of the concerns from the bibliometric community, evaluation of the individual through bibliometric indices is already performed as a form of ‘pseudo peer review’ in selection of candidates for tenure, in background checks of potential employees’ publicationand citation impact, and in appraisal of funding applications. As part of developing the ACUMEN portfolio we therefore undertook an extensive review of 114 bibliometric indicators in Wildgaard, Schneider and Larsen (2014) to identify 1) which author level indices are useful to document the effect of publication performance, 2) identify which scientific activities it is possible to measure and with which indices, 3) analyse the applicability of these indices by discussing the strengths and weakness of each one, and 4) identify if there is a need for any additional novel indicators to measures the performance of individuals. The review confirmed that there is no immediate need to develop new bibliometric indicators. There is a wealth of indicators to choose from, some used in practice and some theoretical only. There is however a need to understand the usefulness of existing indicators and which ones represent independent research activities of authors. We have begun our investigation into how indicators complement each other, specifically if there is a redundancy among indicators, i.e. two or more indicators measure the same thing, and which indicators are the “best” choice in regards to four predefined disciplines. The main parameter we judge the usefulness of indicators is on their simplicity, understood as the simplicity of data collection and the simplicity of mathematical computation for each indicator (Wildgaard, Schneider & Larsen 2014). The present study is a further investigation into which effects of publishing and citing these simple indicators attempt to capture
Les classiques latins dans les florilèges médiévaux antérieurs au XIIIe siècle (suite)
No full textAfter having treated the prosodie florilegia and the florilegia with « author- sections » in the first part of this article (Revue d'Histoire des Textes, t. IX, 1979, pp. 47-121), the author in the second part examines the remaining less common types : the florilegia in which the excerpts of two different authors alternate (Anthologia Valerio- Gelliana), the florilegia with excerpts in disorder and the mini- florilegia, which only contain a limited number of short excerpts, added generally in the margins or on blank spaces at the end of manuscripts or of codi- cological elements.
The poetic anthologies and the patristic or biblical florilegia differ from the preceding types in having only a few isolated classical citations, which are overwhelmed by the bulk of other materials.
The article ends with an analysis of the alphabetical and the systematic florilegia, which are rather infrequent during this period. The latter ones are specially interesting because they show in a precise manner the philosophical and ethical preoccupations of the compilers ; this group comprises the Collectaneum Hadoardi, the Florilegium Morale Oxoniense and two « under-florilegia » inserted in the Collectaneum Sedulii Scotti and in some manuscripts of the Florilegium Duacense (« Defloratio auctorum »).Après avoir traité les florilèges prosodiques et les florilèges à sections d'auteurs dans la première partie de cet article (Revue d'Histoire des Textes, t. IX, 1979, pp. 47-121), l'auteur étudie, dans la seconde partie, les types moins répandus : les florilèges à extraits entremêlés (Anthologia Valerio- Gelliana), les florilèges avec des extraits sans ordre apparent et les « mini-florilèges », qui ne contiennent qu'un nombre limité d'extraits courts, ajoutés en général dans les marges ou sur des espaces blancs à la fin des manuscrits ou des éléments codicologiques.
Les anthologies poétiques et les florilèges patristiques ou bibliques diffèrent des types précédents par le fait qu'ils ne contiennent que des citations classiques isolées, noyées dans une masse de textes ou d'extraits d'autre origine.
L'article se termine par une analyse des florilèges alphabétiques et des florilèges systématiques, qui sont assez rares à cette époque ; ces derniers présentent un grand intérêt en montrant d'une manière précise les préoccupations philosophiques et éthiques des compilateurs ; dans ce groupe figurent le Collectaneum Hadoardi et le Florilegium morale Oxoniense ainsi que deux sous-florilèges insérés respectivement dans le Collectaneum Sedulii Scotti et dans quelques manuscrits du Florilegium Duacense (« Defloratio auctorum »).Munk Olsen Birger. Les classiques latins dans les florilèges médiévaux antérieurs au XIIIe siècle (suite). In: Revue d'histoire des textes, bulletin n°10 (1980), 1982. pp. 115-164
Les classiques latins dans les florilèges médiévaux antérieurs au XIIIe siècle
No full textThe classical florilegia in Latin were very popular in the Middle Ages : from the four centuries (ninth to twelfth) to which the present investigation is limited, more than seventy different florilegia are still extant, preserved in a hundred manuscripts anterior to the thirteenth century.
After having proposed a typology and studied the characteristics of all these florilegia (date, origin, diffusion, destination, methods of compilation), the author describes and analyses the two types which are the most widespread : the prosodie florilegia (eight florilegia preserved in 22 manuscripts) and the florilegia with « authorsections », in which, the compilers have taken the classical authors one by one following in general the order of the texts (26 florilegia preserved in 38 manuscripts). In the last group we find, besides numerous florilegia which have received little attention up till now, well-known collections such as the Collectaneum Sedulii Scotti, the Collectanea Heirici Autissiodorensis, the Florilegium Gallicum, the Florilegium Duacense, the Florilegium Angelicum and the Florilegium Sancticrucianum.
The other types of florilegia will be discussed in a second article, to appear in the next volume of this periodical.The classical florilegia in Latin were very popular in the Middle Ages : from the four centuries (ninth to twelfth) to which the present investigation is limited, more than seventy different florilegia are still extant, preserved in a hundred manuscripts anterior to the thirteenth century.
After having proposed a typology and studied the characteristics of all these florilegia (date, origin, diffusion, destination, methods of compilation), the author describes and analyses the two types which are the most widespread : the prosodie florilegia (eight florilegia preserved in 22 manuscripts) and the florilegia with « authorsections », in which, the compilers have taken the classical authors one by one following in general the order of the texts (26 florilegia preserved in 38 manuscripts). In the last group we find, besides numerous florilegia which have received little attention up till now, well-known collections such as the Collectaneum Sedulii Scotti, the Collectanea Heirici Autissiodorensis, the Florilegium Gallicum, the Florilegium Duacense, the Florilegium Angelicum and the Florilegium Sancticrucianum.
The other types of florilegia will be discussed in a second article, to appear in the next volume of this periodical.Munk Olsen Birger. Les classiques latins dans les florilèges médiévaux antérieurs au XIIIe siècle. In: Revue d'histoire des textes, bulletin n°9 (1979), 1980. pp. 47-121
A review of the characteristics of 108 author-level bibliometric indicators
No full textAn increasing demand for bibliometric assessment of individuals has led to a growth of new bibliometric indicators as well as new variants or combinations of established ones. The aim of this review is to contribute with objective facts about the usefulness of bibliometric indicators of the effects of publication activity at the individual level. This paper reviews 108 indicators that can potentially be used to measure performance on individual author-level, and examines the complexity of their calculations in relation to what they are supposed to reflect and ease of end-user application. As such we provide a schematic overview of author-level indicators, where the indicators are broadly categorised into indicators of publication count, indicators that qualify output (on the level of the researcher and journal), indicators of the effect of output (effect as citations, citations normalized to field or the researcher’s body of work), indicators that rank the individual’s work and indicators of impact over time. Supported by an extensive appendix we present how the indicators are computed, the complexity of the mathematical calculation and demands to data-collection, their advantages and limitations as well as references to surrounding discussion in the bibliometric community. The Appendix supporting this study is available online as supplementary material
La popularité des textes classiques entre le IXe et le XIIe siècle
No full textAfter having discussed the methodological problems concerning the investigation into the diffusion of texts in the Middle Ages, the author, on the basis of the extant manuscripts and fragments, studies first the classical texts that were in fashion during each of the four centuries, from the ninth to the twelfth, showing as well that the rare texts seem to have been copied mainly in the ninth century. Next the twenty-five most popular classical texts are treated, i. e. texts which survive in more than fifty manuscripts or fragments ; the distribution of the copies on the four centuries allows us in particular to follow the development of the canon of texts books used in the schools. Finally, a comparison with library catalogues earlier than the thirteenth century shows considerable deviations ; but these discrepancies can be partly explained by the fact that the texts that were most popular in the beginning of the period are particularly well represented in such catalogues.Après avoir discuté les problèmes de méthode que posent les recherches sur la diffusion des textes au Moyen Age, l'auteur étudie d'abord, à partir des manuscrits et fragments conservés, les textes classiques qui étaient à la mode pendant chacun des quatre siècles, du IXe au XIIe, en démontrant également que les textes rares ont été copiés de préférence au IXe siècle. Sont traités ensuite les vingt-cinq textes classiques les plus répandus, qui sont conservés par plus de cinquante témoins ; la répartition des copies sur les quatre siècles permet notamment de suivre l'élargissement du canon scolaire. Une comparaison, enfin, avec les mentions des textes dans les inventaires de bibliothèques antérieurs au XIIIe siècle, seul moyen de contrôle quantifiable, fait voir des écarts notables, qui s'expliquent cependant, en partie, par le fait que les textes qui étaient populaires plutôt au début de la période sont particulièrement bien représentés dans ces documents.Munk Olsen Birger. La popularité des textes classiques entre le IXe et le XIIe siècle. In: Revue d'histoire des textes, bulletin n°14-15 (1984-1985), 1986. pp. 169-181
Older patients with colorectal cancer at Levanger Hospital 1980-2016
No full textKreft i tykk- og endetarm har blitt den vanligste kreftsykdommen i Norge med unntak av brystkreft for kvinner og prostatakreft for menn. Sykdommen rammer i hovedsak eldre mennesker og har en insidens-topp rundt 70 års alder. Andelen eldre har økt i Norge de siste tiårene og vil fortsette å øke i årene som kommer. Moderne medisinsk behandling bidrar til at vi lever lenger, forventet levealder stiger, og de eldste aldersgruppene utgjøres av en stadig større andel av befolkningen. I takt med denne utviklingen forventer vi et økende press på helsetjenestene.
Riktig behandling av pasienter med kreft i tykk- og endetarm er viktig for å tilby best mulig behandling på individ-nivå, og for optimal utnyttelse av helseressursene. Retningslinjer for utredning og behandling følger av Helsedirektoratets handlingsprogram og er bortsett fra enkelte unntak like på tvers av aldersgruppene. Dette til tross for at evidensen i stor grad er basert på kunnskaper om yngre pasienter. Eldre pasienter utelates ofte fra kliniske studier på tross av at det er viktige forskjeller mellom aldersgruppene. Kunnskaper om yngre pasienter ikke alltid er direkte overførbare til de eldre. Yngre pasienter utgjør generelt sett en mer homogen gruppe, mens det hos eldre pasienter er store individuelle forskjeller hva angår aldersassosierte faktorer som må hensyntas ved behandling av kreft.
Å tilby en best mulig, individ-tilpasset behandling er en av de største utfordringene ved behandling av eldre pasienter med kreftsykdom. Dagens standard har rom for forbedring. Seleksjonen til de ulike behandlingsformene baseres på kunnskaper om pasienten og pasientens sykdom. Den multimodale evalueringen av pasienter må favne bredere slik at våre beslutninger baseres på et større grunnlag. Prehabilitering før behandlingsstart og intensivert tverrfaglig oppfølging gjennom behandlingsforløpet kan bidra til at flere klarer å gjennomgå tiltenkt behandling, forebygge behandlingsassosierte komplikasjoner, og forbedre overlevelse.
I Studie 1 undersøkte vi trender i insidens og presentasjon av kreft i tykk- og endetarm ved Sykehuset Levanger for perioden 1980 til 2016. Basert på våre observasjoner beregnet vi den videre insidensutviklingen frem mot 2040. Våre funn viste at insidensen av kreft i tykk- og endetarm nært fordoblet seg gjennom observasjonsperioden, hovedsakelig grunnet primært preventive (livsstilsrelaterte) årsaker. Analysene våre indikerte at påvirkningen fra primært preventive årsaker har nådd et toppunkt. Sammenlignet med insidensnivået i siste del av studien forventer vi en økning på 70% frem mot 2040. Økningen vil hovedsakelig skyldes at befolkningen blir eldre, og være spesielt merkbar i aldersgruppen 80 år.
I Studie 2 undersøkte vi diagnostikk og behandling av pasientene med tykktarmskreft ved Sykehuset Levanger i perioden 1980 til 2016, med et spesielt søkelys på åttiåringene. Studien viste at insidensen av kreft i tykktarm hos åttiåringene mer enn fordoblet seg gjennom studieperioden. Åttiåringene som gjennomgikk kirurgisk behandling med kurativt siktemål, hadde lavere korttidsoverlevelse enn de yngre pasientene. Åttiåringene som overlevde de første nitti dagene etter kirurgi, hadde like god relativ langtidsoverlevelse som de yngre pasientene. Den relative andelen av åttiåringer som ble behandlet med kirurgi økte gjennom observasjonstiden. Tiltak som forbedrer korttidsoverlevelsen, vil være nøkkelen til å forbedre langtidsoverlevelsen hos åttiåringer som blir operert med kurativt siktemål i fremtiden.
I Studie 3 undersøkte vi behandling av pasientene med endetarmskreft ved Sykehuset Levanger i perioden 1980 til 2016, med et spesielt søkelys på pasientene ≥80 år. Våre resultater viste at pasientene ≥80 år hadde mindre sjanse for å bli behandlet med kurativt siktemål sammenlignet med de yngre pasientene, på tross av like sykdomsstadier ved diagnosetidspunktet. Det var generelt en høy komplikasjonsrate ved stor kirurgi for endetarmskreft, og pasientene ≥80 år hadde mer alvorlige komplikasjoner enn de yngre pasientene. Pasientene ≥80 år som gjennomgikk kirurgisk behandling med kurativt siktemål hadde lik relativ langtidsoverlevelse som de yngre pasientene
Core classification theory: a reply to Szostak
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to provide an answer to a critique put forward by Szostak against a paper written by the present author. The paper is based on a literature-based conceptual analysis based on Hjørland and Nissen Pedersen and Szostak. The main points in a core theory of classification are outlined and Szostakâ s criticism is examined and answered. The paper demonstrates theoretical differences between the views adduced by Hjørland and Nissen Pedersen on the one side and by Szostak on the other
Malware: geautomatiseerde bedreigingen
No full textInbreken via internet is een fact of life geworden. Eén van de uitdagingen voor de ICT-beveiligers is dat nieuwe inbraaktechnieken zeer snel hun weg vinden naar elke internettoegangsdeur. Professionele internetcriminaliteit is geen toekomstige bedreiging; het is volop aanwezig. Inbraaksoftware wordt in eerste instantie vaak gemaakt door intelligente ICT’ers, soms voor wetenschappelijk belang, soms als ‘uitdaging voor de hobbyist’. Deze soms zeer professionele tools zijn in toenemende mate toegankelijk voor technische knutselaars (scriptkiddies). Deze gebruiken het voor inbreken als kick, of verkopen het door aan internetcriminelen die deze tools uitbuiten, vaak voor geldelijk gewin.Datamanagemen
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