1,720,966 research outputs found
Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis
No full textTo our knowledge, no previous meta-analysis has attempted to compare the efficacy of pharmacological, psychological and combined treatments for the three main anxiety disorders (panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia). Pre-post and treated versus control effect sizes (ES) were calculated for all evaluable randomized-controlled studies (n=234), involving 37333 patients. Medications were associated with a significantly higher average pre-post ES [Cohen's d=2.02 (1.90-2.15); 28051 patients] than psychotherapies [1.22 (1.14-1.30); 6992 patients; P<0.0001]. ES were 2.25 for serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (n=23 study arms), 2.15 for benzodiazepines (n=42), 2.09 for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (n=62) and 1.83 for tricyclic antidepressants (n=15). ES for psychotherapies were mindfulness therapies, 1.56 (n=4); relaxation, 1.36 (n=17); individual cognitive behavioural/exposure therapy (CBT), 1.30 (n=93); group CBT, 1.22 (n=18); psychodynamic therapy 1.17 (n=5); therapies without face-to-face contact (e.g. Internet therapies), 1.11 (n=34); eye movement desensitization reprocessing, 1.03 (n=3); and interpersonal therapy 0.78 (n=4). The ES was 2.12 (n=16) for CBT/drug combinations. Exercise had an ES of 1.23 (n=3). For control groups, ES were 1.29 for placebo pills (n=111), 0.83 for psychological placebos (n=16) and 0.20 for waitlists (n=50). In direct comparisons with control groups, all investigated drugs, except for citalopram, opipramol and moclobemide, were significantly more effective than placebo. Individual CBT was more effective than waiting list, psychological placebo and pill placebo. When looking at the average pre-post ES, medications were more effective than psychotherapies. Pre-post ES for psychotherapies did not differ from pill placebos; this finding cannot be explained by heterogeneity, publication bias or allegiance effects. However, the decision on whether to choose psychotherapy, medications or a combination of the two should be left to the patient as drugs may have side effects, interactions and contraindications
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Examination of cultural preferences for categorization among Chinese and German subjects
No full textAusgehend von der Annahme eines analytischen Denkmodells in westlichen und eines holistischen Denkmodells in (ost-)asiatischen Kulturen sind Unterschiede in den kognitiven Prozessen bei Menschen dieser unterschiedlichen Kulturen theoretisch und empirisch beschrieben worden (vgl. Nisbett, 2003; Yan et al., 2005). Die vorliegende Untersuchung widmete sich der Validierung von Kategorisierungspräferenzen. So belegen verschiedene Studien unter anderem Unterschiede im Kategorisierungsverhalten, die in einer Präferenz für taxonomische Beziehungen bei westlich geprägten Personen und in einer Präferenz für relationale Beziehungen bei Chinesen bestehen (vgl. Ji u. a., 2000; Norenzayan u. a., 2002; Unsworth u. a., 2005). In welchem Ausmaß diese unterschiedlichen Präferenzen durch die Kultur bestimmt werden, ist Untersuchungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Studien. Es wurde versucht, die Einflüsse von Kultur auf Kategorisierungspräferenzen mithilfe von unterschiedlichen experimentellen Paradigmen messbar zu machen.
In Experiment 1 wurden die Reaktionszeiten bei der Kategorisierung von Bildpaaren von chinesischen und deutschen Probanden erfasst. Es wurde davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Präferenz für eine Beziehungsart in geringeren Reaktionszeiten bei deren Beurteilung niederschlagen würde und dass die Variation von kultureller Herkunft der Probanden sowie die Variation eines eingeblendeten Primewortes zu Veränderungen in diesen Reaktionszeiten führen würden. Es stellte sich im ersten Experiment heraus, dass bei beiden Nationen bei einer taxonomischen Bildpaarbeziehung schnellere Reaktionszeiten resultierten. Die deutschen Probanden profitierten besonders von kongruenten Primes. Dies gilt sowohl für taxonomische wie auch für relationale Primes. Die chinesischen Probanden profitierten dagegen nicht von kongruenten Primes. Das semantische Priming wirkte in diesem Fall nur bei den deutschen Probanden. Die als Primes verwendeten chinesischen Schriftzeichen scheinen anders verarbeitet zu werden. Eine entsprechende Kategorisierungspräferenz für beide untersuchten Nationen nach der postulierten Hypothese lässt sich somit nicht feststellen.
In Experiment 2 wurden die Reaktionszeiten bei der Kategorisierung von Bildtripeln von chinesischen und deutschen Probanden ermittelt. Signifikanzen innerhalb der Reaktionszeiten, welche die Hypothese stützen würden, ließen sich nicht nachweisen. So tendierten die chinesischen Probanden in einer post-hoc-Auswertung mehr zu taxonomischen Entscheidungen als die deutschen Probanden. Die deutschen Probanden neigten dagegen mehr zu relationalen Entscheidungen.
Auch die Wirkung der Primes ließ sich nicht hypothesenkonform festhalten, da es bei den chinesischen Probanden zu schnelleren Reaktionszeiten bei der Bedingung ohne Prime kam. Dies zeigt erneut den starken Interferenzeffekt des chinesischen Schriftzeichens. Bei den deutschen Probanden ließ sich kein derartiger Effekt auffinden. Dies spricht dafür, dass chinesische Schriftzeichen eine andere Primewirkung erzielen als Wörter in europäischer Schreibweise. Es ist daher bei diesen beiden Schreibsystemen von einer unterschiedlichen Qualität auszugehen.
In Experiment 3 zur Sprachproduktion sollten die Kategorisierungspräferenzen über das Bild-Wort-Interferenz-Paradigma nachgewiesen werden. Die erwarteten Präferenzen ließen sich durch eine signifikante disordinale Interaktion der Faktoren „Distraktor“ und „Nation“ bestätigen. Es zeigten sich bei den chinesischen Versuchsteilnehmern geringere Interferenzen bei taxonomischen als bei relationalen Distraktoren. Bei den deutschen Probanden zeigten sich geringere Interferenzen bei relationalen Distraktoren als bei taxonomischen Distraktoren. Dieser Befund passt genau in den empirischen und theoretischen Rahmen des analytischen und holistischen Denkens (Nisbett, 2003).
Es wurden methodische Limitationen diskutiert und Anregungen für weiterführende Forschung aufgezeigt. Besonders die Verwendung der chinesischen Schriftzeichen als semantischer Prime wurde kritisch hinterfragt. Favorisiert wurde eine Interpretation der Daten dahingehend, dass je nach Aufgabenanforderung die Kategorisierungspräferenz innerhalb und zwischen den Kulturen variiert
A look into the future? Patients' and health care staff's perception and evaluation of genetic information and the right not to know
No full textThe progress of medical genetics leads to a significant increase in genetic knowledge and a vast expansion of genetic diagnostics. However, it is still unknown how these changes will be integrated into medical practice and how they will change patients' and healthy persons' perception and evaluation of genetic diagnoses and genetic knowledge. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive questionnaire survey with more than 500 patients, clients seeking genetic counseling, health care staff, and healthy persons (N = 523). The questionnaire survey covered detailed questions on the value of genetic diagnoses for the different groups of study participants, the right to know or not to know genetic diagnoses, possible differences between genetic and other medical diagnoses, and the practical use and implications of genetic knowledge with a special focus on hereditary neuropsychiatric diseases. A huge majority of the participants (90.7%) stated to have a right to learn every aspect of her or his genetic make-up. Similarly, study participants showed high interest (81.8%) in incidental health care findings-independent of whether the diseases are treatable or not. One can derive from the data outcome that study participants did not follow the implications of a "genetic exceptionalism" and often considered genetic findings as equivalent in relation to other medical diagnoses
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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