1,720,991 research outputs found
Losing face
No full textWhen Al makes an offer to Betty that Betty observes and rejects, Al may suffer a painful and costly ‘loss of face’ (LoF). LoF can be avoided by letting the vulnerable side move second, or by setting up ‘Conditionally Anonymous Environments’ that only reveal when both parties say yes. This can impact bilateral matching problems, e.g., marriage markets, research partnering, and international negotiations. We model this assuming asymmetric information, continuous signals of individuals’ binary types, linear marriage production functions, and a primitive LoF term component to utility. LoF makes rejecting one’s match strictly preferred to being rejected, making the ‘high types always reject’ equilibrium stable. LoF may have non-monotonic effects on stable interior equilibria. A small LoF makes high types more selective, making marriage less common and more assortative. A greater LoF (for males only) makes low-type-males reverse snobs, which makes high-females less choosy, with ambiguous effects on the marriage rate
Decomposing desert and tangibility effects in a charitable giving experiment
No full textAbstractSeveral papers have documented that when subjects play with standard laboratory “endowments” they make less self-interested choices than when they use money they have either earned through a laboratory task or brought from outside the lab. In the context of a charitable giving experiment we decompose this into two common artifacts of the laboratory: the intangibility of money (or experimental currency units) promised on a computer screen relative to cash in hand, and the distinct treatment of random “windfall” gains relative to earned money. While both effects are found to be significant in non-parametric tests, the former effect, which has been neglected in previous studies, has a stronger impact on total donations, while the latter effect has a greater impact on the probability of donating. These results have clear implications for experimental design, and also suggest that the availability of more abstract payment methods may increase other-regarding behavior in the field.</jats:p
Reputation and Influence in Charitable Giving: An Experiment
No full textPrevious experimental and observational work suggests that people act more generously when they are observed and observe others in social settings. But the explanation for this is unclear. An individual may want to send a signal of her generosity in order to improve her own reputation. Alternately (or additionally) she may value the public good or charity itself and, believing that contribution levels are strategic complements, give more in order to influence others to give more. We perform the first series of laboratory experiments that can separately estimate the impact of these two social effects, and test whether realized influence is consistent with the desire to influence, and whether either of these are consistent with anticipated influence. We find that 'leaders' are influential only when their identities are revealed along with their donations, and female leaders are more influential then males. Identified leader's predictions suggest that are aware of their influence. They respond to this by giving more than either the control group or the unidentified leaders. We find mixed evidence for 'reputation-seeking.
Commitments to Give-if-you-Win Exceed Donations After a Win
Full text linkShould fundraisers ask a banker to donate “if he earns a bonus” or wait and ask after the bonus is known?
Standard EU theory predicts these are equivalent; loss-aversion and signaling models predict a larger commitment
before the bonus is known; theories of affect predict the reverse. In five experiments incorporating lab and field
elements (N=1363), we solicited donations from small lottery winnings , varying the conditionality of donations
between participants. Overall, we find conditional donations (“if you win”) exceeded ex-post donations. This
represents the first evidence on how pro-social behavior extends to conditional commitments over uncertain income,
with implications for charitable fundraising, giving pledges, and experimental methodologyWe would like to thank the Universities of Essex, Düsseldorf, Mannheim and Bonn for providing financial support
for our research
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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