1,720,971 research outputs found
The Impact of Tobacco Legislation on Restaurant Workers Exposure to Tobacco Smoke in Finland
No full textExposure to tobacco smoke significantly increases the risk of several diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Prohibition of smoking in workplaces effectively protects workers against occupational exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). However, Finnish restaurant employees have still been exposed to SHS at work until recent years. In 2000, a reform in tobacco legislation was launched in Finland according to which restaurants had to reserve non-smoking areas for their clients. Smoking restrictions proceeded gradually so that in 2007 a total ban on smoking was enacted in Finnish restaurants. In this study, nationwide survey data concerning occupational exposure to ETS in restaurants was used to assess the impact of tobacco legislation. Additionally, the risk of restaurant waiting personnel to develop cancer was evaluated in five Nordic countries.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The overall purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of tobacco legislation on the occupational exposure to tobacco smoke in Finnish restaurants. The aim was to compare the effects of partial restrictions and a total prohibition of smoking in reducing the exposure to SHS among restaurant workers. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the risk of restaurant workers to develop cancer compared to that of the general population.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present thesis collects the data concerning exposure to SHS in restaurant work using national questionnaire surveys conducted in 1999, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2009 and 2010 among Finnish restaurant workers (I, II and III). Each year the surveys were sent to an average of 3000 restaurant employees belonging to the Service Union United (PAM). Study I assessed the data collected with the first four questionnaires (1999-2007). In study II, the main focus was in the results of the questionnaires conducted before and after the launch of the smoke free tobacco legislation (i.e., 2007 and 2009). Study III included data from the questionnaires conducted in 2003, 2007, 2009 and 2010, respectively.
Exposure to SHS in restaurant work was assessed also by measuring indoor nicotine concentrations in restaurants in three towns (Helsinki, Jyväskylä and Lappeenranta). The measurements were done in each year when the questionnaire surveys were carried out. Altogether 730 measurements were carried out between 2004 and 2010, approximately 60 measurements in each type of restaurant each year. The measurements were done with sampling devices that were placed for 4 hours in three different types of restaurants, i.e., dining restaurants, pubs and nightclubs, and bar desks. In order to assess the risk of cancer among restaurant workers, data were collected from the database of the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) study. It consists of those 14.9 million persons aged 30-64 years who participated in any computerized census in the five Nordic countries, in 1990 or earlier. The longest follow up times were from 1961 to 2005. Among this study population, we focused on the group of waiters, comprising 16,134 males and 81,838 females. Altogether 3,100 cancer cases among male and 16,288 cancer cases among female waiters were found in study IV. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for 35 common cancer sites were then calculated as ratios of the observed number and the expected number of cancer cases assuming that the cancer incidence among male and female waiters would be the same as found in the respective national populations. The numbers of excess cancer cases for each cancer site were calculated by subtracting the expected numbers of cancer cases from the observed ones.
RESULTS: The prevalence of restaurant workers who were not exposed to SHS at work increased from 34% to 54% during 1999-2007. The prevalence of those who reported more than 4 hours of exposure to tobacco smoke during their work shift decreased from 46% to 24%.
Between 2007 and 2009, the prevalence of restaurant workers who were not exposed to SHS at work increased from 54% to 82%. The highest increase was among workers in pubs and nightclubs (from 7% to 69%). The prevalence of restaurant workers who were exposed to SHS more than 4 hours a day at work decreased from 24% to 4%. Between 2007 and 2009, the prevalence of work-related respiratory symptoms decreased from 18% to 4% and that of eye symptoms from 23% to 6%. The median nicotine concentration in restaurants decreased from 11.7 μg/m³ to 0.1 μg/m³ between 2004 and 2010. The highest decrease in median nicotine concentration was found in pubs, where the median nicotine concentration decreased from 16.1 μg/m³ to 0.1 μg/m³. The reported exposure to SHS (at least 1 hour per work shift) decreased from 59% to 11% during 2004-2010.
The cancer incidence among male and female waiters was higher than among the general population in the Nordic countries. During the study period (1961-2005), the overall risk of cancer among male waiters was 1.46 (95% confidence interval 1.41-1.51) and among female waiters 1.09 (1.07-1.11). The highest SIRs were found in cancer sites that are related to alcohol consumption. The highest numbers of excess cases among male waiters were in lung cancer (n=282) and cancer of the pharynx (n=92). Among female waiters the highest numbers of excess cancer cases were in lung cancer (n=718) and in cancer of the cervical uterus (n=314).
CONCLUSION: The reform of Finnish tobacco legislation in 2000 that only partially prohibited smoking in restaurants until 2007 decreased occupational exposure to SHS but was not fully effective in protecting restaurant workers from exposure to SHS at work, whereas the total prohibition of smoking in 2007 significantly decreased restaurant workers exposure to SHS. The total ban on smoking in restaurants also decreased the prevalence of work-related respiratory and eye symptoms among restaurant workers, which most likely was associated with the decrease of exposure to SHS at work. In the follow-up, the positive effects of the strict tobacco legislation remained intact. The risk of cancer among male and female waiters was higher than among the general population in the five Nordic countries. This may be explained by high prevalence of smoking, heavy occupational exposure to tobacco smoke and high alcohol consumption among the subjects.Tupakansavulle altistuminen lisää merkittävästi riskiä sairastua esimerkiksi syöpään sekä sydän- verisuoni- ja keuhkosairauksiin. Tupakoinnin kieltäminen työpaikoilla on tehokkaasti suojannut työntekijöitä tupakansavulle altistumiselta. Ravintolatyöntekijät ovat yksi viimeisistä ammattiryhmistä, jotka ovat viime vuosiin saakka altistuneet tupakansavulle työssään Suomessa. Vuonna 2000 Suomessa tuli voimaan ravintoloita koskeva tupakkalaki, jonka mukaan ravintoloiden tuli varata osa asiakastiloista tupakoimattomille asiakkaille. Siitä alkaen tupakointikielto on edennyt asteittain vuoteen 2007 saakka, minkä jälkeen tupakointi kiellettiin kokonaan ravintoloiden yhteisissä asiakastiloissa.
TAVOITE: Tutkimuksen keskeinen tavoite oli arvioida ravintoloita koskevan tupakkalain toteutumista ja sen vaikutuksia ravintolatyöntekijöiden altistumiseen tupakansavulle työssä. Tavoitteena oli lisäksi verrata osittaisen tupakointikiellon ja totaalikiellon eroja työntekijöiden tupakansavulle altistumisessa. Tutkimuksessa haluttiin myös arvioida ravintolatyöntekijöiden riskiä sairastua syöpään viidessä pohjoismaassa.
AINEISTO JA MENETELMÄT: Väitöskirjatutkimusta varten toteutettiin vuosittaiset valtakunnalliset kyselytutkimukset 3000:lle ravintolatyöntekijöille sekä sisäilman pitoisuusmittaukset ravintoloihin ajanjaksolla 1999-2010. Ravintolatyöntekijöiden syöpäriskiä varten kerättiin tiedot viiden pohjoismaan yhteisestä Nordic Occupational Cancer eli NOCCA-aineistosta. Aineistosta poimittiin tarjoilijat (16 134 mies- ja 81 838 naistarjoilijaa), joiden syöpäilmaantuvuutta seurattiin pisimmillään 45 vuotta.
TULOKSET: Tupakansavulle altistumattomien ravintolatyöntekijöiden määrä kasvoi 34 %:sta 54 %:iin vuosina 1999-2007. Tupakansavulle yli 4 tuntia työvuoron aikana altistuneiden määrä puolestaan laski 46 %:sta 24 %:iin samana ajanjaksona. Vuosina 2007-2009 tupakansavulle altistumattomien määrä kasvoi 54 %:sta 82 %:iin. Yli 4 tuntia tupakansavulle altistuneiden määrä laski 24 %:sta 4 %:iin samana ajanjaksona. Vuosina 2007-2009 ravintolatyöntekijöiden hengitystieoireiden esiintyvyys laski 18 %:sta 4 %:iin ja silmäoireiden 23 %:sta 6 %:iin. Keskimääräinen nikotiinipitoisuus ravintoloiden sisäilmassa laski vuosina 2004-2010 tasosta 11.7 μg/m³ tasolle 0.1 μg/m³. Syövän kokonaisilmaantuvuus oli ravintolatyöntekijöillä suurempi kuin väestössä keskimäärin: Vakioitu ilmaantuvuussuhde (SIR) oli miestarjoilijoilla 1,46 (95 %:n luottamusväli CI 1,41-1,51) ja naistarjoilijoilla 1,09 (1,07-1,11). Suurimmat SIR-luvut havaittiin syövissä, jotka liittyvät alkoholin kulutukseen. Suurin ylimääräisten syöpätapausten määrä miestarjoilijoilla oli keuhkosyövässä (n=282) ja nielusyövässä (n=92). Naistarjoilijoilla oli 718 ylimääräistä keuhkosyöpää ja 314 kohdunkaulan syöpää.
PÄÄTELMÄT: Vuonna 2000 voimaan tullut ravintoloita koskeva tupakkalaki, joka aluksi kielsi tupakoinnin ravintoloissa vain osittain, vähensi altistumista tupakansavulle, mutta ei täysin suojannut ravintolatyöntekijöitä. Tupakoinnin kieltäminen kokonaan ravintoloissa vuodesta 2007 alkaen puolestaan vähensi altistumista tupakansavulle merkittävästi. Tupakoinnin totaalikielto vähensi merkittävästi myös työntekijöiden työperäistä hengitysteiden ja silmien oireilua, mikä todennäköisimmin liittyi vähentyneeseen tupakansavulle altistumiseen. Seuranta osoitti, että tiukka tupakkalaki pysyi tehokkaana vielä kolme vuotta kiellon tultua voimaan. Todettu tarjoilijoiden riski sairastua syöpään oli kohonnut muuhun väestöön verrattuna viidessä pohjoismaassa. Tämä voi johtua siitä, että tarjoilijat tupakoivat muuta väestöä yleisemmin, altistuvat työssään tupakansavulle ja käyttävät alkoholia muuta väestöä enemmän. ei saavutettav
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
