1,720,965 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Comparative application of metagenomic sequencing in clinical samples from healthy and diseased individuals
Full text linkThe human microbiome consists of all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and parasites, residing on and within our body, as well as their genetic information. Research and general interest in the human microbiome have gained significant importance in recent decades, driven partly by various correlations associated with the microbiome. Especially intestinal bacteria seem to exert a considerable influence on the development and progression of various chronic inflammatory diseases, supporting and modulating the immune system, and influencing the success of various therapeutic approaches. Advances in isolating and purifying nucleic acids from complex samples, metagenomic sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis have led to new insights in this emerging field. The complex mechanisms underlying the influence of microorganisms on us are not fully elucidated, and scientific focus is shifting towards understanding the functional aspects of these microorganisms, in addition to describing complex microbial communities.
This study introduces an experimental approach to analyze various microbiomes of an individual (saliva, interdental plaque, stool, conjunctiva, bile, sputum) using the same method (Result I). These samples were processed using three commercially available nucleic acid extraction kits and subsequently analyzed through short-read and long-read sequencing. Overall, the Qiagen QiAamp Microbiome DNA Kit was described as suitable for analyzing native clinical samples. Additionally, the DNA Miniprep Kit from ZymoBIOMICS yielded convincing results in analyzing the microbial community within stool samples.
In a second study, the intestinal microbiome of individuals following a specific diet for twelve weeks was analyzed: one group continued an omnivorous diet, another group adhered to a vegetarian or vegan diet, and a third group transitioned from an omnivorous diet to the guidelines of the Planetary Health Diet. This diet concept, developed in 2019 by the EAT-Lancet Commission, aims to sustainably feed approximately 10 million people in 2050 within the planetary boundaries. Although the proposed concept is already controversially discussed, analyses describing its impact on human health and associated changes are lacking. This study provides an initial insight into the effect of a Planetary Health Diet on the intestinal microbiome. Natural fluctuations in the composition of the gut microbiome were observed over the longitudinal course of the study. Furthermore, an increase in Bifidobacterium adolescentis was demonstrated, postulating a potentially beneficial effect on human health by producing favorable metabolites (Result II).
The third study presented in this work focuses on the methodology of extracting and purifying bacterial chromosomal and mobile deoxyribonucleic acid (plasmids) and their analysis using short-read sequencing of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria were detected in wounds of Ukrainian war-injured individuals transferred from Ukraine to the Saarland University Medical Center. The study showed that the isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae strains might have a common origin, likely traced back to the medical emergency shelter in Ukraine. Additionally, the exact same plasmid was found in two cases, highlighting the dangers of horizontal gene transfer between bacteria, especially in transmitting genes encoding antibiotic resistances. Molecular analyses were complemented with cultural testing and detection of antibiotic resistances, highlighting the emergence of Carbapenem resistances (Result III).
Finally, a study was conducted implementing the methodology from Result I, analyzing various microbiomes of the same individual (Result IV). Over a period of 2.5 years, different patients were included into the study at the Saarland University Medical Center for which they underwent medical examination and detailed medical history assessment. Stool, saliva, interdental plaque, skin swabs, conjunctival swabs, and throat swabs were collected from each participant, when possible, and subsequently subjected to metagenomic analysis. The results of this study indicate correlations between the occurrence of certain bacterial species and various chronic inflammatory diseases and common illnesses. Furthermore, biosynthetic gene clusters, often encoding anti-inflammatory or anti-proliferative metabolites, were found in different study cohorts. Another noteworthy result is the detection of disease-crossing shifts in oral microbiomes compared to healthy participants. This study clearly illustrates the correlations between different microbiomes of an individual and their health status.
Looking forward, the field of microbiome research should increasingly focus on unraveling the molecular mechanisms between microorganisms and hosts, attempting to elucidate whether the health status induces changes in the microbiome or whether the microbiome is significantly modulating the development of various diseases. Furthermore, the discovery of new biosynthetic gene clusters provides an avenue to find new antimicrobial effective substances, countering the global threat of multi-resistant pathogens. Additionally, the monitoring and analysis of multi-resistant pathogens should be expanded globally. This approach allows for the detection of resistance mechanisms, deciphering their origin and spread, incorporating both the individual and their environment.Das humane Mikrobiom beschreibt die Gesamtheit aller Mikroorganismen, also Bakterien, Viren, Pilze, Archaeen und Parasiten, die auf und in unserem Körper residieren. Miteinbegriffen ist hier nicht nur der Mikroorganismus selbst, sondern auch seine genetische Information. Die Forschung und auch das allgemeine Interesse am Mikrobiom des Menschen haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten rasant an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dies ist mitunter durch die verschiedenen Korrelationen zu begründen, in die das Mikrobiom involviert ist. So scheinen vor allem Darmbakterien einen großen Einfluss auf die Entstehung und Progression verschiedener chronisch-entzündlicher Krankheiten zu haben. Sie unterstützen und modulieren die Entwicklung des Immunsystems und haben Einfluss auf den Behandlungserfolg verschiedener Therapieansätze. Zu neuen Erkenntnissen in diesem doch neuen Forschungsfeld haben die Entwicklungen bezüglich der Isolation und Aufreinigung von Nukleinsäuren aus komplexen Proben, der metagenomischen Sequenzierung und bioinformatischen Auswertung geführt. Bisher sind die komplexen Mechanismen hinter dem Einfluss der Mikroorganismen in und auf uns nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, und die Wissenschaft fokussiert sich neben der Beschreibung komplexer mikrobieller Gemeinschaften zunehmend auf die funktionellen Aspekte dieser Mikroorganismen.
In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals ein experimenteller Ansatz getestet, um verschiedene Mikrobiome eines Individuums (Speichel, interdentaler Plaque, Stuhl, Konjunktiva, Galle, Sputum) mit einer Methode zu analysieren (Ergebnis I). Hierfür wurden die oben genannten Proben mittels drei verschiedener, kommerziell erhältlicher Nukleinsäure-Extraktionskits bearbeitet und anschließend mittels Short-Read-Sequenzierung und Long-Read-Sequenzierung analysiert. Übergreifend konnte das Qiagen QiAamp Microbiome DNA Kit als geeignet für die Auswahl an nativen Bioproben beschrieben werden. Um die mikrobielle Gemeinschaft innerhalb von Stuhlproben zu analysieren, konnte weiterhin das DNA Miniprep Kit von ZymoBIOMICS überzeugende Ergebnisse liefern.
In einer zweiten Studie wurde dann das intestinale Mikrobiom von Individuen analysiert, die über den Verlauf von zwölf Wochen einer bestimmten Diät folgten: Eine Gruppe ernährte sich weiterhin wie gewohnt omnivor, eine Gruppe ernährte sich weiterhin vegetarisch oder vegan, und eine Gruppe stellte ihre bislang omnivore Ernährung auf die Vorgaben der Planetary Health Diet um. Dieses Diätkonzept wurde 2019 von der EAT-Lancet Kommission entwickelt, um im Jahr 2050 ungefähr 10 Millionen Menschen gesund, nachhaltig und innerhalb der planetaren Grenzen zu ernähren. Das vorgeschlagene Konzept ist bereits kontrovers diskutiert, allerdings stehen Analysen, die den Effekt auf die Gesundheit des Menschen und damit einhergehende Veränderungen beschreiben, bislang aus. Die hier vorgelegte Studie soll einen ersten Einblick in den Effekt der Planetary Health Diet auf das intestinale Mikrobiom geben. In der Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass es innerhalb des longitudinalen Verlaufs natürliche Schwankungen in der Komposition des Darmmikrobioms gibt. Weiterhin konnte ein Anstieg von Bifidobacterium adolescentis gezeigt werden, welches in der Lage ist, für den menschlichen Körper förderliche Metabolite zu produzieren und somit postuliert einen eher zuträglichen Effekt auf die menschliche Gesundheit besitzt (Ergebnis II).
Die dritte Studie, die in dieser Arbeit aufgeführt wird, befasst sich mit der Methodik der Extraktion und Purifikation von bakterieller chromosomaler und mobiler Desoxyribonukleinsäure (Plasmide) und deren Analyse mittels Short-Read-Sequenzierung von multi-resistenten Gram-negativen Bakterien. Diese Gram-negativen Bakterien wurden in Wunden von ukrainischen Kriegsverletzten detektiert, die aus der Ukraine an das Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes transferiert wurden. Im Rahmen dieser Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass vor allem die isolierten Klebsiella pneumoniae Stämme einen gemeinsamen Ursprung haben könnten, der wahrscheinlich auf die medizinische Notunterkunft in der Ukraine zurückzuführen sein könnte. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass in zwei Fällen das exakt gleiche Plasmid in den Isolaten zu finden war. Dieses Ergebnis zeigt noch einmal deutlich die Gefahren des horizontalen Gentransfers zwischen Bakterien, mittels dessen vor allem Gene weitergetragen werden, welche für Antibiotikaresistenzen kodieren. Zusätzlich zu den molekularen Analysen wurden die Isolate mittels kultureller Testung und Nachweis von Antibiotikaresistenzen untersucht (Ergebnis III).
Abschließend wurde eine Studie durchgeführt, die die Methodik von Ergebnis I umsetzt und verschiedene Mikrobiome eines gleichen Individuums analysiert (Ergebnis IV). Hierfür wurden über den Zeitraum von 2,5 Jahren verschiedene Patientinnen und Patienten des Universitätsklinikums des Saarlandes medizinisch untersucht und eine ausführliche Anamnese durchgeführt. Weiterhin wurden, sofern möglich, von jedem Teilnehmenden Stuhl, Speichel, interdentaler Plaque, Hautabstriche, Bindehautabstriche und ein Rachenabstrich gewonnen, welche dann anschließend metagenomisch untersucht wurden. Das Ergebnis dieser Studie zeigt unter anderem, dass verschiedene chronisch-entzündliche Krankheiten, als auch Volkskrankheiten mit dem Vorkommen gewisser bakterieller Spezies korrelieren. Weiterhin ist hervorzuheben, dass auch biosynthetische Gencluster, welche oft für anti-entzündliche oder anti-proliferative Metabolite kodieren, in verschiedenen Studienkohorten gefunden wurden. Als weiteres Ergebnis ist anzumerken, dass Verschiebungen in vor allem den oralen Mikrobiomen krankheitsübergreifend und im Vergleich zu gesunden Teilnehmenden detektiert wurden. Diese Studie zeigt deutlich, welche Korrelationen es zwischen verschiedenen Mikrobiomen eines Individuums und dessen Gesundheitsstatus gibt.
In Zukunft sollte sich das Gebiet der Mikrobiom-Forschung zunehmend mit der Aufschlüsselung der molekularen Mechanismen zwischen Mikroorganismen und Wirt beschäftigen und versuchen, die Frage aufzuklären, ob der Gesundheitsstatus Veränderungen im Mikrobiom bewirkt oder das Mikrobiom maßgeblich zur Entstehung verschiedener Krankheiten beiträgt. Weiterhin bieten die Entdeckung neuer biosynthetischer Gencluster einen Ansatz, neue antimikrobiell wirkende Substanzen zu finden und der globalen Bedrohung durch multi-resistente Erreger entgegenzuwirken. Weiterhin sollte die Überwachung und Analyse von multi-resistenten Erregern global ausgeweitet werden. Dieses Vorgehen erlaubt es, unter Einbezug des Menschen und seiner Umgebung, Resistenzmechanismen zu detektieren und deren Entstehung und Verbreitung aufzuschlüsseln
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
