1,720,955 research outputs found
Better together: Combining expert and citizen science data improves our understanding of occurrence patterns of lynx and wolves in Lower Saxony, Germany
No full textAbstract The return of the two large carnivores wolf and lynx to the federal state of Lower Saxony, Germany, is accompanied by conflicts, which have to be addressed by comprehensive management strategies. Basis for such management is rigorous monitoring of spatial and temporal occurrence patterns of both species. Currently, there are two different monitoring approaches executed in Lower Saxony: the official one, established with the species’ return, is based on reporting opportunistic findings by the general public complemented with systematic camera trap surveys and scat searches. The other approach was implemented in 2014 as part of the “Wildlife Survey Lower Saxony”, an annual questionnaire sent out to owners and tenants of hunting districts, with the goal to obtain state-wide information on huntable wildlife. In this study, we therefore aimed to compare both monitoring approaches in terms of general, spatial and temporal congruence using an internal classification scheme. We showed that the different monitoring approaches provide similar information on the general development of lynx and wolf occurrence across Lower Saxony. Spatial differences were mainly found at the edges of known distributional ranges. In terms of temporal dynamics, the wildlife survey data seemed to be slightly ahead of the official monitoring programmes. We also found species-related differences, which may be related to different attitudes towards the two species. Overall, our findings indicate that the different approaches complement each other and inferences on species occurrence should be made in conjunction of the two data sets.Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of Lower SaxonyGeorg-August-Universität Göttingen 50110000338
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Effects of diversionary feeding on life history traits of brown bears
No full textWeltweit haben viele Tierarten Zugriff zu menschlichen Nahrungsquellen. Über dessen Nebeneffekte herrscht immer noch Unklarheit. In dieser Studie werden die Auswirkungen der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit (Ablenk- und Zusatzfütterungen, sowie natürliche Nahrungsquellen) auf die Lebensgeschichte von Braunbären in Slowenien untersucht. Räumliche und biometrische Daten von 663 erlegten Bären von 2004 bis 2012, sowie 615 Nachwuchszählungen von 2004 bis 2013 wurden genutzt um die Wirkung der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit auf das Körpergewicht und die Reproduktion der Bären zu untersuchen. Für beide Untersuchungen wurden statistische Modelle mit allen Variablen, welche die Nahrungsverfügbarkeit beeinflussen könnten, erstellt. Basierend auf der Modellselektion mittels AIC-Werte, wurden Modelle mit den wichtigsten Faktoren selektiert. In der Körpergewichts-Analyse wurde nur der Faktor Waldanteil berücksichtigt. Aber mit einem R² < 0,005 ist dessen Effekt in biologisch eher unwichtig. Kein Faktor wurde in der Reproduktions-Analyse berücksichtigt. Eigentlich würde man jährliche Schwankungen in der Lebensgeschichte erwarten, da die natürliche Nahrungsverfügbarkeit (z.B. Buchenmast, welche eine der Hauptnahrungsquellen für Bären in darstellt) fluktuiert. Aber wir gehen davon aus, dass aufgrund des massiven Zufüttern, zeitliche und räumliche Schwankungen in der natürlichen Nahrungsverfügbarkeit ausgeglichen werden und die ökologische Tragfähigkeit gesteigert wird. Dies könnte auch eine Erklärung für die hohen Reproduktionsraten (19 – 22% jährlich) und Populationsdichten (bis zu 40 Bären/100km²) von slowenischen Bären sein. Die hohe Reproduktion, sowie die geringe natürliche Mortalität fordern nach Populationskontrolle, um diese zu stabilisieren. Schlussfolgernd wird spekuliert ob es sich hierbei um eine Art Semi-Domestifikation handelt, wie es auch schon bei Huftieren beschrieben wurde, da die zwei evoltuionstreibenden Faktoren Zuwachs und Mortalität, primär von Menschen gesteuert werden.All over the world, many animal species have access to anthropogenic food sources, which are provided unintentionally or intentionally. But their side effects are still unclear. In this study, the effects of food availability (expressed as supplemental/diversionary feeding and natural food sources) on the life history traits of brown bears in Slovenia were analyzed. Spatial and biometric data of 663 hunter killed bears from 2004 to 2012 and 615 litter size observations from 2004 to 2013 were used to analyze the effects of food availability on brown bear body weight and reproduction. For both analyses, statistical models including all possible and available variables that could affect the food availability were built. Based on model selection by AIC-scores, models with the most important variables have been selected. In the body weight analysis, only forest cover remained as independent variable. But with an R² < 0.005, this effect is most likely to be biologically unimportant. No effect was found for the litter size. Usually one would expect yearly fluctuations in the life history traits due to variations in natural food availability, e.g. beech mast productions, one of the key natural food sources of bears in Slovenia. But we assume that due to massive additional feeding, temporal and spatial variations in natural food availability may get buffered and the total habitat carrying capacity is significantly elevated. This may also be an explanation for the very high reproduction rates (19 – 22%/year) and population densities (up to 40 bears/100 km²) of Slovenian brown bears. The high natality potential and low natural mortality are triggering the demand of population control, with the goal of stabilizing the population. Finally we conclude that the two important factors natality and mortality, that are driving evolution, are mainly controlled by humans, which could be seen as a kind of semi-domestication, similarly as already described for ungulates.submitted by: Raoul RedingWien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Masterarb., 201
Effects of diversionary feeding on life history traits of brown bears
No full textWeltweit haben viele Tierarten Zugriff zu menschlichen Nahrungsquellen. Über dessen Nebeneffekte herrscht immer noch Unklarheit. In dieser Studie werden die Auswirkungen der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit (Ablenk- und Zusatzfütterungen, sowie natürliche Nahrungsquellen) auf die Lebensgeschichte von Braunbären in Slowenien untersucht. Räumliche und biometrische Daten von 663 erlegten Bären von 2004 bis 2012, sowie 615 Nachwuchszählungen von 2004 bis 2013 wurden genutzt um die Wirkung der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit auf das Körpergewicht und die Reproduktion der Bären zu untersuchen. Für beide Untersuchungen wurden statistische Modelle mit allen Variablen, welche die Nahrungsverfügbarkeit beeinflussen könnten, erstellt. Basierend auf der Modellselektion mittels AIC-Werte, wurden Modelle mit den wichtigsten Faktoren selektiert. In der Körpergewichts-Analyse wurde nur der Faktor Waldanteil berücksichtigt. Aber mit einem R² < 0,005 ist dessen Effekt in biologisch eher unwichtig. Kein Faktor wurde in der Reproduktions-Analyse berücksichtigt. Eigentlich würde man jährliche Schwankungen in der Lebensgeschichte erwarten, da die natürliche Nahrungsverfügbarkeit (z.B. Buchenmast, welche eine der Hauptnahrungsquellen für Bären in darstellt) fluktuiert. Aber wir gehen davon aus, dass aufgrund des massiven Zufüttern, zeitliche und räumliche Schwankungen in der natürlichen Nahrungsverfügbarkeit ausgeglichen werden und die ökologische Tragfähigkeit gesteigert wird. Dies könnte auch eine Erklärung für die hohen Reproduktionsraten (19 – 22% jährlich) und Populationsdichten (bis zu 40 Bären/100km²) von slowenischen Bären sein. Die hohe Reproduktion, sowie die geringe natürliche Mortalität fordern nach Populationskontrolle, um diese zu stabilisieren. Schlussfolgernd wird spekuliert ob es sich hierbei um eine Art Semi-Domestifikation handelt, wie es auch schon bei Huftieren beschrieben wurde, da die zwei evoltuionstreibenden Faktoren Zuwachs und Mortalität, primär von Menschen gesteuert werden.All over the world, many animal species have access to anthropogenic food sources, which are provided unintentionally or intentionally. But their side effects are still unclear. In this study, the effects of food availability (expressed as supplemental/diversionary feeding and natural food sources) on the life history traits of brown bears in Slovenia were analyzed. Spatial and biometric data of 663 hunter killed bears from 2004 to 2012 and 615 litter size observations from 2004 to 2013 were used to analyze the effects of food availability on brown bear body weight and reproduction. For both analyses, statistical models including all possible and available variables that could affect the food availability were built. Based on model selection by AIC-scores, models with the most important variables have been selected. In the body weight analysis, only forest cover remained as independent variable. But with an R² < 0.005, this effect is most likely to be biologically unimportant. No effect was found for the litter size. Usually one would expect yearly fluctuations in the life history traits due to variations in natural food availability, e.g. beech mast productions, one of the key natural food sources of bears in Slovenia. But we assume that due to massive additional feeding, temporal and spatial variations in natural food availability may get buffered and the total habitat carrying capacity is significantly elevated. This may also be an explanation for the very high reproduction rates (19 – 22%/year) and population densities (up to 40 bears/100 km²) of Slovenian brown bears. The high natality potential and low natural mortality are triggering the demand of population control, with the goal of stabilizing the population. Finally we conclude that the two important factors natality and mortality, that are driving evolution, are mainly controlled by humans, which could be seen as a kind of semi-domestication, similarly as already described for ungulates.submitted by: Raoul RedingWien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Masterarb., 201
- …
