1,073 research outputs found
Ancestral Consanguinity and Mortality Among Three Endogamous Populations of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India
No full textConsanguineous marriages have been practiced around the globe by many societies from time immemorial, particularly in South India. Consanguineous marriages play a major role in the health of a population, and diseases leading to mortality of the progeny are a consequence of detrimental recessive genes. To evaluate the effects of ancestral consanguinity on mortality in relation to consanguineous marriage, we have ascertained data from 1,500 women belonging to three endogamous communities (Akuthota Reddy, Odde, and Madiga) of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. There were 500 women from each community. For each marriage we drew a family pedigree, extended upward to two earlier generations on either side of the spouses to determine the prevalence and pattern of consanguinity, with detailed information on fertility and mortality. We observed a significant difference in the mortality rates between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous marriages when all the marriages of the women, women’s parents, and (women’s) husband’s parents were considered in all three communities. In inbreeding, the offspring of earlier generations might have passed on deleterious genes to later generations (under unfavorable conditions), which resulted in a negative aspect of reproduction (among the offspring of the present couple)
How Participatory is Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)? A Study of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Andhra Pradesh
No full textIt is argued that the reason for the ills of irrigation management is the alienation of farmers from the process of planning and implementation. Often 'lack of political will' is identified as the main reason for the tardy progress in irrigation reforms at the state level. Andhra Pradesh has demonstrated the political will by initiating widespread irrigation reforms through legislation. This paper, based on the situation after six years of WUAs in existence, makes an attempt to provide a comprehensive view on the status and functioning of the Water Users' Associations in the State. It is argued that while substantial amounts of money were spent on the reform process, the money was used mainly for improving the ailing irrigation systems rather than strengthening the formal institutional structures. Though some benefits in terms of increased area under irrigation in canal systems and improved quality of irrigation is evident, the sustainability of these benefits is rather uncertain in the absence of efficient institutional structures. Despite the fact that WUAs are promoted as non-political institutions, 'elite capture' and political involvement dominate their functioning. And the present trend appears to be towards further politicization of these institutions. More importantly, even after six years of their existence devolution of powers to WUAs has not taken place, as most of the important functions like assessment, collection of water charges, sanctioning of works, etc., are still in the hands of the irrigation department. In the absence of devolution of powers the WUAs are aiming for political gains rather than improving the systems. It is argued that political will is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for making the WUAs autonomous and self-sufficient. Restructuring and reforming of the State irrigation departments and the bureaucracy is critical for effective and sustainable irrigation institutions.participatory, Irrigation Management, water, Andhra Pradesh
System of verb in the manuscript Lithuanian grammar of K.K. Daukša
No full textReikšminiai žodžiai: Asmenuojamosios veiksmažodžio formos; Asmenuotė; Asmuo; Bendratis; Dalyvis; Laikas; Neasmenuojamosios veiksmažodžio formos; Nuosaka; Padalyvis; Pusdalyvis; Reikiamybės dalyvis; Skaičius; Veiksmažodis; Veiksmažodžio terminai; Conjugation; Conjugative verb forms; Half-participle; Inconjugative verb forms; Infinitive; Mode; Necesity adverb; Number; Participle; Person; Tense; Verb; Verb terms; Verbal adverbThe following article discusses verbal forms system and it's grammatical categories. K.K. Daukša disjoins verbs into two parts of speech one of which is conjugative verb and the other one - inconjugative verb forms. Nevertheless the author of the manuscript grammar understands the origin of inconjugative forms: he includes adjectival pecularities of interfexion into the denominative interfexion paradigm and the verbal ones - into tthc paradigms of mode and tense systematically. K.K. Daukša determines five verb modes and six tenses. Distinctive feature of tenses is this that there are three present tenses marked out, but this kind of distinction is only theoretical one for only four tenses system is to be found in the interflexion paradigm. The compound tenses are also included into the paradigm on all tenses in consecutive order. There are no examples of the 2nd conjugation in the system of conjugation for K.K. Daukša ascribes them all to the 1st conjugation. In the article a huge atention to the terms is also paid. K.K. Daukša originates grammatical terminology following the Polish example, what explains the majority of foreign significances and translated constructions. Generally speaking it was an original grammar of the mid-19th century, and quite a fine source of lingual facts and evidence of lingvistic reflectio
Szkoda majątkowa w sprawach o przestępstwo nadużycia zaufania z art. 296 k.k. – rola opinii biegłego
No full textThe article was devoted to reflections on the manner of the damage in cases concerning the offense of abuse of trust under art. 296 of the Criminal Code associated with the role of expert opinion. The article is focused on the meaning of “significant property damage”, used by the Polish legislator in the art. 296 § 1 of the Criminal Code and the manner of determining the damage. The considerations are based on the assumption, that the damage must take place through the abuse of the authority or by failing to perform duties. The article mentions positions of polish doctrine and judicature relating to the problems of determining the extent and the amount of damage on the basis of art. 296 of the Criminal Code. In the end, the author presents her own opinion in the subject of the role of expert opinion.Artykuł poświęcony został problematyce szkody w sprawach o przestępstwa nadużycia zaufania z art. 296 k.k. i roli opinii biegłego. Skoncentrowano się na pojęciu znacznej szkody majątkowej z art. 296 § 1 k.k. i sposobie określenia wysokości szkody. Rozważania opierają się na założeniu, że szkoda musi nastąpić w wyniku nadużycia uprawnień lub niedopełnienia obowiązku. W artykule przywołane zostały głosy doktryny i judykatury odnoszące się do problemów ustalania zakresu i wysokości szkody na gruncie art. 296 k.k. Na końcu autorka przedstawia własne stanowisko w przedmiocie roli biegłego przy określaniu szkody w sprawach o przestępstwo nadużycia zaufania z art. 296 k.k
Glosa do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z 12 kwietnia 2018 r., II KK 411/17 (podmiot przestępstwa z art. 300 § 2 k.k.)
No full textThe author of the commentary critically refers to the thesis of the Supreme Court that criminally liable on the basis of Article 300 § 2 of the Polish Criminal Code (k.k.) is not only a personal debtor but also a person liable to the creditor materially (material debtor). Referring to the second thesis of the Supreme Court, the author of the commentary indicates that a third party within the meaning of Article 527 of the Polish Civil Code (k.c.) due to the lack of a contractual tie with the creditor cannot be classifi ed as a “debtor” for the purposes of Article 300 § 2 k.k. In the author’s opinion, the extraneus fi gure is an alternative way for assigning to a third party within the meaning of Article 527 k.c. the criminal liability for an off ense under Article 300 § 2 k.k. without the need to extend the term “debtor” as was done in the commented judgment
Orzekanie kar nieizolacyjnych zamiast kary pozbawienia wolności (art. 37a k.k.)
No full textPrzedmiotem opracowania jest wprowadzona do Kodeksu karnego nowelą z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r.
regulacja umożliwiająca orzeczenie kary grzywny albo kary ograniczenia wolności, o której mowa
w art. 34 § 1a pkt 1 lub 4, w przypadku, gdy przestępstwo zagrożone jest karą pozbawienia
wolności nieprzekraczającą 8 lat (art. 37a k.k.). Szczegółowe rozważania poświęcono funkcji
ORZEKANIE KAR NIEIZOLACYJNYCH ZAMIAST KARY POZBAWIENIA WOLNOŚCI... 143
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normatywnej tego przepisu. Zdaniem autorki, art. 37a k.k. dookreśla ustawowe zagrożenia za
niektóre występki; nie stanowi on natomiast podstawy dla wyprowadzenia dyrektywy sądowego
wymiaru kary skłaniającej sądy do orzekania zamiast kary pozbawienia wolności kar nieizolacyjnych. Zakres zastosowania art. 37a k.k. jest szeroki i nie ogranicza się wyłącznie do zagrożeń karą
pozbawienia wolności umieszczonych w sankcji jednorodzajowej. Autorka podziela także pogląd
Sądu Najwyższego, iż w wypadku skorzystania z rozwiązania przewidzianego w art. 37a k.k.
konieczne jest – zgodnie z art. 413 § 1 pkt 6 k.p.k. – powołanie tego przepisu w podstawie
wymiaru kary, obok przepisu części szczególnej Kodeksu karnego. Zaniechanie wskazanego
postąpienia ocenić trzeba jako obrazę prawa proceduralnego. Z reguły zaniedbanie tej powinności nie sposób jednak ocenić w perspektywie rażącego i mogącego mieć istotny wpływ na treść
orzeczenia naruszenia prawa.The article discusses the regulation introduced to the Criminal Code by the amendment of
20 February 2015 allowing for ruling a fine or limitation of liberty as laid down in Article 34
§ 1a (1) or (4) in case a committed crime carries a penalty of imprisonment of up to eight years
(Article 37a CC). Special consideration is devoted to the normative function of the provision.
In the author’s opinion, Article 37a CC precisely determines statutory penalties for some
misdemeanours. However, it does not constitute a basis for the introduction of a directive of
a judicial penalty administration encouraging courts to issue non-custodial penalties instead of
imprisonment. The scope of application of Article 37a CC is broad and is not limited only to the
penalty of imprisonment within the fixed-type sanctions. The author shares the opinion of the
Supreme Court that in case of application of Article 37a CC it is necessary, in accordance with
Article 413 § 1 (6) CPC, to refer to this provision to indicate the basis for penalty administration,
and a provision of the Special Issues Section of the Criminal Code. Omission to do that should
be treated as contempt of procedural law. However, failure to fulfil this duty cannot be assessed
from the perspective of flagrant law violation that can substantially affect a judgement
Przestępstwo ułatwiania nielegalnego pobytu na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (art. 264a k.k.) – wybrane problemy wykładni
No full textArtykuł dotyczy wybranych problemów wykładni art. 264a k.k. Autorka zwraca uwagę na wątpliwości co do pełnego wypełnienia wymogów unijnych, które były przyczyną wprowadzenia tego występku do polskiego systemu prawa karnego w 2004 r. Analizie poddano wybrane znamiona występku z art. 264a § 1 k.k., odnosząc się do sporów na temat przedmiotu ochrony tego przestępstwa, a także do problemów wykładni związanych z relacją do art. 264 k.k. i art. 49a k.w. oraz dotyczących możliwości nadzwyczajnego złagodzenia kary za ten czyn.The articles discusses selected interpretation problems of Art. 264a of the Criminal Code. The Author stresses some doubts about the fulfilment of all EU requirements which were the cause of introducing the misdemeanour into the Polish criminal law system in 2004. Some of the statutory features of the offence from Art. 264a § 1 of the Criminal Code were analysed with special attention paid to controversies over the values protected by the offence and to interpretation problems referring to the relationship to Art. 264 of the Criminal Code and Art. 49a of the Code on Petty Offences, as well as to doubts referring to the possibility of applying extraordinary mitigation of punishment to the perpetrator of this act
Spory o wykładnię znamion przestępstwa kradzieży energii (art. 278 § 5 k.k.) – czy prawnicy znają fizykę?
No full textThis article aims at analyzing the constituent elements of a criminal offense, based on Art. 278 § 5 k.k. The result of the analysis is the conclusion that in practice, only electricity can be the object of that offense. Therefore it must be specified accordingly in the provision of Art. 278 § 5 k.k. The study of literature led to the conclusion that the authors often mistakenly specify the object of that crime in a manner contrary to the principles of physics. This article presents the disputed issue of classifying the energy consumption by an entity authorized under an agreement with the provider, but with an understatement of the amounts of energy consumed by that entity. The author concluded that the classification of such act is possible based on Art. 278 § 5 and 286 § 1 k.k., depending on the definition of the result of an act which, at the time it was committed, was liable to evaluation under criminal law. The analysis also includes the controversial legal case of conscious use of energy consumed by the means of an illegal tapping into the power grid or causing a malfunction in a device designed to measure the amount of energy consumed by other persons who have not committed such an action. The study of literature led to the conclusion that according to the currently prevailing view such behavior does not fulfill the constituent elements of a crime. The author further concludes that due to the difficulties with the determination of the value of the object in question during the taking of evidence, the act of „stealing” electricity has rightly not undergone decriminalization; which could otherwise result in allegations on the grounds of infringement of the substantive law.
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No full textNot AvailableA study was conducted to investigate the effect of Water Harvesting Structures
(WHS) on groundwater (GW) recharge during 2004-08 in red soil watershed of semi arid region, namely
K.D. Pally watershed (920 ha) in Kambadur Mandal of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. Four WHS
namely, P. Reddy Check Dam (PRCD), G. Reddy Percolation Tank (GRPT), Small Check Dam (Small CD) and
Village Percolation Tank (VPT) of storage capacity 1.67, 4.36, 0.33 and 3.93 ha- m, respectively
having a total capacity of 9.4 ha-m. One time filling were selected to assess their effect on GW
recharge. In the present study, structure wise simple linear and multiple regression equations with
API as an additional factor were developed to predict the runoff expected in a particular rainfall
storm, for all four structures. The hydrological analysis showed that curve number (CN) was found
to be less and storage (St) was higher in case of computed values from observed data using
methodology prescribed in the present study compared to Hydrologic Soil Cover Complex method.
Potential recharge has been estimated and empirical relationships were developed between cumulative
potential recharge and cumulative rainfall. Changes in ground water utilization pattern was also
studied and found that the irrigated area expanded up to 113.5 ha in post-project as against
37.2 ha pre-project. The present study showed that the WHS had very good impact on ground water
recharge in the study area. Therefore, it is recommended that the study can be applied for similar
other region for approximate quantification of surface storage and ground water recharge.Not Availabl
Not Available
No full textNot AvailableA study was conducted to investigate the effect of water harvesting structures (WHS) on groundwater (GW) recharge during 2004-08 in red soil watershed of semi- arid region namely KD Pally watershed (920 ha) in Kambadur Mandal of Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh . Four WHS namely P Reddy check dam (PRCD) , G. Reddy perocolation tank ( GRPT), small check dam ( small CD) and village perocolation tank (VPT) of storage capacity 1.67, 4.36, 0.33 and 3.93 ha- m, respectively having total capacity of 9.4 ha-m . One time filling were selected to assess their effect on GW recharge. In the present study , structure wise simple linear and multiple regression equations with API as an additional factor were developed to predict the runoff expected in a particular rainfall storm , for all four structures. The hydrological analysis showed that curve number (CN) was found to be less and storage (S1) was higher in case of computed values from observed data using methodology prescribed in the present study compared to hydrologic soil cover complex method. Potential recharge has been estimated and empirical relationships were developed between cumulative potential recharge and cumulative rainfall. Changes in groundwater utilization pattern was also studied and found that the irrigated area expanded upto 113.5 ha in post- project as against 37.2 ha pre - project . The present study showed that the WHS has very good impact on groundwater recharge in the study area. Therefore, it is recommended that the study can be applied for similar other region for approximate quantification of surface storage and ground water recharge.Not Availabl
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