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International student mobility, student exchange programs, and migration : evidence from gravity estimations
Get PDFThe thesis is dedicated to the empirical investigation of international student mobility and is divided into eight chapters. The introductory chapter 1 describes the motivation for the thesis and provides a brief overview of the current literature and the gap that this dissertation fills. Chapter 2 discusses the rationales for cross-border education, describing the four approaches of the OECD (2004) for international student mobility: the mutual understanding approach, the skilled migration approach, the revenue-generating approach, and the capacity building approach. The chapter then discusses the challenges resulting from international student mobility. Besides the brain drain and brain gain phenomenon that occurs when international students decide to work abroad, international student mobility raises the question of how to provide equal access to higher education and ensure the same level of quality and accreditation across the board. Furthermore, the chapter includes a detailed discussion on the challenges that arise when higher education is mainly publicly financed in a world where students and graduates are mobile. This is mainly the case in Europe, whereas students in other countries are accustomed to paying for higher education.
Chapter 3 goes on to describe the data on international student mobility used in this work. Since data for years prior to 1998 are only available from printed UNESCO Statistical Yearbooks, this dissertation has constructed a new database entering the data manually for the years 1970 to 1997 for 29 destination countries and almost all countries of origin. The chapter demonstrates that student mobility increased sharply. Starting with an average number of roughly 460 thousand students in the first period covering the years 1970 to 1974, the number grew by a factor of about 8 to roughly 3.7 million students in the last period covering the years 2010 to 2015. This number is strongly concentrated on a few destination and origin countries: while the concentration in the destination countries decreased over the decades which were analyzed, with the top five countries accounting for about 77 percent in the 1970s and 50 percent in the period 2000 to 2015, the concentration in the origin countries increased from about 23 to 33 percent. The decreasing concentration of destination countries demonstrates the strong competition among these countries trying to attract international students.
In order to better understand this concentration, chapter 4 provides a descriptive analysis of destination and origin countries. Apart from the five main Anglo-Saxon destination countriesthe United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealandthe European countries France and Germany have always been among the most important destination countries since 1970. Furthermore, Russia and Japan have played an important role and some Asian, European, and Arab countries have also recently emerged as important destination countries. The countries that send the most students abroad are Asia-Pacific Rim countries followed by European countries. With this in mind, three groups of countries have had a major impact on student mobility: Europe, Asia-Pacific countries, and Anglo-Saxon countries. In contrast to the other regions, student mobility in Europe is supported by policy-makers and instruments which are supported by large investments. Therefore, this work strives to investigate the effects of the two famous European programs which were introduced to promote student mobility: the student exchange program Erasmus that was launched in 1987, and the Bologna Process that began in 1999.
Chapter 5 strives to test the hypothesis of whether the student exchange program Erasmus increases student mobility between the member countries. The chapter uses data on international student mobility for the years 1999 to 2015 obtained from the electronic UNESCO database for 155 host and 187 origin countries which are merged with a dummy variable on joint membership in the Erasmus program. Using these panel data in a theory-grounded gravity model by running fixed effects methods, the chapter finds that student mobility between Erasmus member countries is, on average, about 53 percent higher. To address the causality question, the chapter follows Wooldridge (2002) and performs an F-test for strict exogeneity and finds a positive causal effect on international student mobility. This effect is more stable for the time during and after the economic crisis. Furthermore, student exchange between Erasmus countries seems to occur more in favor of cultural experience and is not based on economic factors.
Chapter 6 repeats these estimates controlling additionally for joint membership in the Bologna Process and finds that student mobility between Bologna Process members is, on average, about 50 percent higher. Importantly, both European programsErasmus and the Bologna Processturn out to be significant determinants separately. Estimating the effect for the time before and after the establishment of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) shows that the impact is higher and more stable since the EHEA was established in 2010. These findings suggest that the Erasmus program and the Bologna Process have fulfilled their goals of increasing student mobility and, therefore, justify their budget.
Since the skilled migration approach argues that countries attract international students hoping that they stay in the country of studies afterwards and increase the stock of highly-skilled workers, chapter 7 investigates the question: to what extent do countries that attract foreign students benefit from an increased stock of educated foreign workers? Using information from the UNESCO Statistical Yearbooks, the chapter constructs a new panel database of bilateral international student mobility for 150 origin countries, 23 host countries for the years 1970 to 2000. These data are matched with information on bilateral stocks of international migrants by educational attainment from Docquier et al. (2008), available for 1990 and 2000. Running theory-founded gravity models by conditional fixed effects Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood methods, this chapter finds that, on average, an increase of students by 10 percent increases the stock of tertiary educated workers in host countries by about 0.9 percent. That average effect is, however, entirely driven by Anglo-Saxon countries. On average, the results imply a student retention rate of about 70 percent. These findings suggest that the costs of educating foreign students are at least partially offset by increased availability of foreign talent. Finally, the last chapter 8 concludes.Die Dissertation widmet sich der empirischen Untersuchung der internationalen Studentenmobilität und gliedert sich in acht Kapitel. Das einführende Kapitel 1 befasst sich zunächst mit der Motivation für die Arbeit und stellt einen kurzen Überblick über die aktuelle Literatur sowie die Lücke, die diese Dissertation füllt, dar. Kapitel 2 befasst sich mit den Gründen grenzüberschreitender Bildung und beschreibt die vier Hauptansätze der OECD (2004) für internationale Studentenmobilität: der auf gegenseitige Verständigung abzielende Mutual Understanding Approach, der auf qualifizierte Migration setzende Skilled Migration Approach, der profitorientierte Revenue-Generating Approach und der auf den schnellen Aufbau von Kapazität abzielende Capacity Building Approach. Anschließend werden in diesem Kapitel Herausforderungen diskutiert, die sich aus der internationalen Studentenmobilität ergeben. Neben dem Brain Drain und Brain Gain Phänomen, das auftritt, wenn internationale Studierende sich dazu entscheiden im Ausland zu arbeiten, wirft internationale Studentenmobilität die Frage auf, wie ein gleichberechtigter Zugang zur Hochschulbildung gewährleistet und das gleiche Qualitäts- und Akkreditierungsniveau sichergestellt werden kann. Darüber hinaus enthält das Kapitel eine detaillierte Diskussion der Herausforderungen, die sich aus einer hauptsächlich öffentlich finanzierten Hochschulbildung ergeben wenn Studenten und Absolventen mobil sind. Dies ist vor allem in Europa der Fall, während Studierende in anderen Ländern gewöhnlich für ihre Hochschulbildung zahlen müssen.
In Kapitel 3 werden die in dieser Dissertation verwendeten Daten zur internationalen Studentenmobilität beschrieben. Die Daten aus den Jahren vor 1998 sind nur aus den gedruckten statistischen Jahrbüchern der UNESCO verfügbar. Daher wird in dieser Dissertation ein neuer Datensatz erstellt, indem die Daten aus den Jahren 1970 bis 1997 für 29 Zielländer und fast alle Herkunftsländer manuell eingegeben wurden. Das Kapitel zeigt, dass die Mobilität der Studierenden stark zugenommen hat. Ausgehend von einer durchschnittlichen Zahl von rund 460 Tausend Studierenden in der ersten Periode von 1970 bis 1974, wuchs die Zahl um den Faktor 8 auf rund 3,7 Millionen Studierenden in der letzten betrachteten Periode, die die Jahre 2010 bis 2015 abdeckt. Die Zahl der internationalen Studierenden ist stark auf wenige Ziel- und Herkunftsländer konzentriert: während die Konzentration bei den Zielländern über die analysierten Jahrzehnte abnahm hier machten die fünf wichtigsten Länder etwa 77 Prozent in den 1970er Jahren und 50 Prozent im Zeitraum von 2000 bis 2015 aus stieg die Konzentration in den Herkunftsländern von etwa 23 auf 33 Prozent im gleichen Zeitraum. Die abnehmende Konzentration bei den Zielländern zeigt, dass es zwischen diesen Ländern einen starken Wettbewerb gibt und dass sie versuchen internationale Studenten anzuziehen.
Um diese Konzentration besser zu verstehen, bietet Kapitel 4 eine deskriptive Analyse von Ziel- und Herkunftsländern. Neben den fünf wichtigsten angelsächsischen Zielländern USA, Großbritannien, Australien, Kanada und Neuseeland gehören seit 1970 auch die europäischen Länder Frankreich und Deutschland zu den wichtigsten Zielländern. Darüber hinaus sind auch Russland und Japan bedeutende Zielländer; zudem haben sich einige asiatische, europäische und arabische Länder in den letzten Jahren zu wichtigen Empfängerländern entwickelt. Die Länder, die die meisten Studierenden ins Ausland schicken, sind asiatisch-pazifische Länder, gefolgt von europäischen Ländern. Vor diesem Hintergrund lassen sich drei Ländergruppen ableiten, die einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Mobilität der Studenten haben: Europa, asiatisch-pazifische Länder und angelsächsische Länder. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen Regionen wird die Studentenmobilität in Europa durch politische Entscheidungsträger und Instrumente unterstützt, die durch hohe Investitionen gestützt werden. Daher beabsichtigt diese Dissertation die Auswirkungen der zwei bekannten europäischen Programme zu untersuchen, die zur Förderung der Studentenmobilität eingeführt wurden: das Studentenaustauschprogramm Erasmus, das 1987 ins Leben gerufen wurde und der im Jahre 1999 initiierte Bologna-Prozess.
Kapitel 5 überprüft, ob das Studentenaustauschprogramm Erasmus die Mobilität der Studierenden zwischen den Mitgliedsländern erhöht. In dem Kapitel werden Daten zur internationalen Studentenmobilität der Jahre 1999 bis 2015 verwendet, die aus der elektronischen UNESCO-Datenbank für 155 Gast- und 187 Herkunftsländer stammen. Diese Daten werden mit einer bilateralen Dummy-Variable zur Mitgliedschaft im Erasmus-Programm zusammengeführt. Unter Verwendung dieser Paneldaten in einem theoriebasierten Gravitationsmodell mit fixen Effekten stellt das Kapitel fest, dass die Mobilität der Studierenden zwischen den Erasmus-Mitgliedsländern im Durchschnitt um etwa 53 Prozent höher ist. Um die Frage der Kausalität genauer zu adressieren, folgt das Kapitel Wooldridge (2002) indem es einen F-Test auf strikte Exogenität durchführt und findet einen positiven kausalen Effekt auf die internationale Studentenmobilität. Der Effekt ist für die Zeit während und nach der Wirtschaftskrise stabiler. Außerdem scheint der Studentenaustausch zwischen Erasmus-Ländern eher zugunsten kultureller Erfahrungen anstatt wirtschaftlicher Faktoren zu erfolgen.
Kapitel 6 wiederholt diese Schätzungen und integriert zusätzlich die bilaterale Dummy-Variable zur Mitgliedschaft im Bologna-Prozess. Hier wird festgestellt, dass die Mobilität der Studierenden zwischen den Mitgliedern des Bologna-Prozesses im Durchschnitt um etwa 50 Prozent höher ist. Wichtig ist, dass sich die beiden europäischen Programme Erasmus und der Bologna-Prozess jeweils als signifikante Determinanten für die Mobilität von Studierenden erweisen. Der Vergleich für die Zeit vor und nach der Errichtung des europäischen Hochschulraums der European Higher Education Area (EHEA) zeigt, dass der Effekt seit der Gründung der EHEA im Jahr 2010 höher ist. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Erasmus-Programm und der Bologna-Prozess ihre Ziele durch die Erhöhung der Studentenmobilität erfüllt haben und daher ihr Budget rechtfertigen.
Der Skilled Migration Approach (Ansatz der qualifizierten Migration) argumentiert, dass Länder internationale Studierende in der Hoffnung anziehen, dass sie danach im Studienland bleiben und den Bestand an hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften erhöhen. Daher geht Kapitel 7 der folgenden Frage nach: Inwieweit profitieren Länder, die ausländische Studierende anziehen, von einem erhöhten Bestand ausgebildeter ausländischer Arbeitskräfte? Unter Verwendung von Daten aus den statistischen Jahrbüchern der UNESCO wird in dem Kapitel ein neuer Panel-Datensatz erstellt. Dieser beinhaltet Daten zur bilateralen internationalen Studentenmobilität für 150 Herkunfts- und 23 Gastländer für die Jahre 1970 bis 2000. Diese Daten werden mit dem Datensatz von Docquier et al. (2008) zusammengeführt, der Informationen über die bilateralen Bestände internationaler Migranten nach Bildungsabschlüssen für die Jahre 1990 und 2000 enthält. Durch die Anwendung der Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) Fixen-Effekte-Methode die auf einem theoriegestützten Gravitationsmodell basiert, findet dieses Kapitel, dass ein Anstieg der Studierenden um 10 Prozent den Bestand an tertiär ausgebildeten Arbeitskräften in den Gastländern im Durchschnitt um etwa 0,9 Prozent erhöht. Der Effekt wird jedoch ausschließlich von angelsächsischen Ländern getragen. Die Ergebnisse implizieren im Durchschnitt eine Studentenbindungsrate von etwa 70 Prozent. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Kosten für die Ausbildung ausländischer Studierenden zumindest teilweise durch die erhöhte Verfügbarkeit ausländischer Talente ausgeglichen werden. Kapitel 8 stellt das abschließende Kapitel dar
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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