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Talking your way to record times: instructional vs. motivational self-talk and 10 km time-trial performance
No full textBackground: Participation in the sport of running has grown immensely in recent years as evidenced by the 30,300 running events that took place in the United States in 2015, which represents an 8% increase in the number of events from 2014 (Running USA, 2016). Runners who compete in events of various distances are looking for strategies to improve their performance and increase their speed. Psychological skills, including self-talk (ST), are performance-enhancing strategies that can contribute to optimal performance in sports (Hall, Duncan, & McKay, 2014). ST refers to what people say to themselves either out loud or as a small voice inside their heads (Theodorakis, Weinberg, Natsis, Douma, & Kazakas, 2000) and it can serve instructional or motivational functions. Instructional ST involves technical information about the task being performed (e.g., "elbow straight"), whereas motivational ST involves statements that serve to build confidence, increase effort, and create positive moods (e.g., "stay strong"; Weinberg, Miller, & Horn, 2012). The task-matching hypothesis (TMH) suggests that motivational ST is more effective than instructional ST for improving performance of muscular strength and endurance tasks (Theodorakis et al., 2000), such as a long distance run, however, findings from studies testing the TMH are mixed. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine which type of ST, instructional or motivational, leads to greater improvements in completion time of a 10 km time-trial run among competitive-recreational runners. In line with the TMH, we predicted that motivational ST would lead to greater improvements in time-trial performance compared to instructional ST and control groups. Methods: Forty-five competitive-recreational runners (Mage = 37.78, SD =13.11) completed this study. After completing a baseline 10 km time-trial run, they were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: motivational ST, instructional ST, or no assigned ST (control). Participants in the ST groups practiced ST in conjunction with their runs during a one-week practice period, while participants in the control group continued with their regular running training. After the practice period, the participants completed the second 10 km time-trial run, during which the ST participants were prompted to use ST at five-minute intervals. Results: A mixed between-within subjects ANOVA was conducted as a primary analysis to determine if there were differences between the groups with respect to the change in completion times from the first to the second time-trials. Although all three study groups ran the second time-trial faster than the first, there were no significant differences in the change in completion times between the groups. There was also no significant difference between the study groups with respect to change in ST frequency. Secondary analyses found no differences in completion times or ST use when the ST groups were collapsed and compared against the no ST control. Thus, our hypothesis was not confirmed. Conclusion and Implications: Our results did not demonstrate that motivational ST has a benefit over instructional ST or no ST when it comes to improving performance on a 10 km running task. Given the demonstrated benefit of ST from the previous literature (Donohue et al., 2001; Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2004; Kolovelonis et al., 2011; Miller & Donohue, 2003), we suggest that ST may not be a useless strategy but rather that it may not be a critical strategy in this context. It is possible that a shorter distance as well as a more elite sample would result in more pronounced differences in completion times between the groups. Although this study did make methodological improvements to previous studies, further research is required to truly determine the best type of ST for an endurance running task.Contexte: La participation au sport de course à pied a connu une expansion rapide au cours des dernières années (Running USA, 2016). Les coureurs qui compétitionnent cherchent des stratégies afin d'améliorer leur performance. Les compétences psychologiques, incluant le dialogue interne (DI), sont des stratégies en vue d'améliorer la performance (Hall et al., 2014). Le DI fait référence aux paroles ditent à soi-même (Theodorakis et al., 2000). Ce dernier peut servir soit d'instructions ou de motivation. Le DI instructionnelle porte sur l'information technique de la tâche exécutée, tandis que le DI motivationnelle évoque des déclarations afin de renforcer la confiance, augmenter l'effort et créer une humeur positive générale (Weinberg et al., 2012). Selon l'hypothèse de la tâche d'appariement, le DI motivationnelle est plus efficace que celui instructionnelle pour améliorer la performance en épreuves de force musculaire et d'endurance (Theodorakis et al., 2000), comme la course longue distance. Cependant, les résultats des études qui ont testé l'hypothèse de la tâche d'appariement restent partagés.But: Le but de cette étude était de déterminer lequel des deux types de DI, mènerait à une plus grande amélioration du temps nécessaire pour achever une course de 10 km contre la montre chez les coureurs compétiteurs-récréatifs. En se basant sur l'hypothèse de la tâche d'appariement, nous avons prédit que le DI motivationnelle mènerait à des plus grandes améliorations aux performances contre la montre. Méthode: Quarante-cinq coureurs compétiteurs-récréatifs (Mâge = 37.78, ET = 13.11) ont complété cette étude. Après avoir complété une course de référence de 10 km contre la montre, les participants ont été divisés au hasard dans une des trois conditions suivantes: DI motivationnelle, DI instructionnelle et aucun DI assigné (groupe de contrôle). Les participants des groupes de DI ont pratiqué leur DI conjointement avec leur entraînement pendant une semaine, tandis que les participants du groupe de contrôle ont continué leur entraînement régulier. Après la période de pratique, les participants ont complété une seconde course de 10 km pendant laquelle les participants du DI se devaient d'utiliser leur DI à chaque intervalle de cinq minutes. Résultats: Un modèle ANOVA mixte a été réalisé comme première analyse afin de déterminer les différences entre les groupes en ce qui concerne les changements de temps de course entre le premier et le deuxième essai. Bien que les trois groupes ont effectué la seconde course plus rapidement que la première, il n'y avait aucune différence significative entre les groupes en ce qui concerne le changement de temps de course. Il n'y avait aussi aucune différence significative entre les groupes d'étude en ce qui concerne la fréquence du DI. De plus, de secondes analyses n'ont trouvé aucune différence significative en ce qui concerne les temps de course ou l'utilisation du DI lorsque les groupes du DI ont été regroupés et comparés au groupe contrôle. Notre hypothèse n'a ainsi pas pu être confirmée.Conclusions et implications: Nos résultats n'ont pas démontré que le DI motivationnelle est plus bénéfique que le DI instructionnelle ou ne pas utiliser de DI afin d'améliorer la performance d'une épreuve du course de 10 km. Étant donné les bénéfices du DI démontrés dans la litérature antérieure (Donohue et al., 2001; Kolovelonis et al., 2011), nous suggérons que le DI n'est pas une stratégie inutile, mais ne s'avère pas non plus une stratégie indispensable dans un contexte tel que celui-ci. Il est possible qu'une distance de course plus courte ainsi qu'un échantillon d'un calibre plus élevé aboutirait à des différences plus prononcées entre les groupes. Bien que cette étude ait réussi des avancements méthodologiques, de futures recherches seraient de mise afin de déterminer véritablement le meilleur type de DI pour une épreuve de course d'endurance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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