1,721,000 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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Vagal regulation of TLR-induced inflammation.
No full textThe vagus nerve is critical in mediating inflammatory diseases characterized by increases in immune cell activity and elevations of cytokines and chemokines. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a therapy proposed to mitigate immune cell exacerbation of a pathology. Promising results in research settings and small-scale clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of these therapies in the regulation of immunopathologies, such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. While exciting, there remains much unknown regarding the foundational mechanism that VNS exerts to mitigate disease-induced upregulation of immune cell activity. This dissertation sheds light on novel aspects regarding the mechanism of VNS, including the identification of key synapses and organs that facilitate the anti-inflammatory effects. We demonstrate that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP) relies on signaling through the superior mesenteric ganglion and subsequently propagates these anti-inflammatory signals to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of the intestinal tract, which contain the cellular machinery required for the CAIP. Vagal afferent neurons were found to be immunomodulatory as well, significantly reducing LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine release in the spleen and MLNs, in a mechanism distinct from that of the CAIP. Finally, we identify a novel anti-inflammatory circuit facilitated by vagal afferent neurons within the lung, capable of reducing TLR7-induced inflammation. Overall, we demonstrate several novel components contributing to the immunomodulatory effects of VNS, which ultimately informs the optimization and advancement of electrical therapies
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The Regulation of Mucosal Function in Response to Chemical and Inflammatory Insults
No full textMucosal surfaces are critical sites in maintaining homeostasis. They carry out numerous essential physiological functions, such as gas exchange and nutrient absorption, and act as initial barriers to the external environment. Viral and chemical insults can disrupt normal physiological processes and induce inflammatory responses. Given the inherent integrative nature of mucosal surfaces, understanding the complexity behind how a virus or man-made chemical can impact mucosal physiology and immunology is imperative. This dissertation reveals molecular, cellular, and integrative effects of viral and/or chemical exposure on a lung-resident immune cell population and on the barrier function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We demonstrate that modulation of alveolar macrophages reduce an inflammatory response to a viral mimetic in a manner that mechanistically differs from protective responses against bacterial. We report that a respiratory infection with SARS-CoV-2 in mice, despite absence of viral titers in GI tissue, induces chronic defects in barrier permeability and heightened inflammation even after the respiratory infection has subsided. Finally, we also show that chronic exposure to a “forever chemical” (perfluorooctanoic acid, or PFOA) can predispose mice to exacerbated disease during induced colitis. Overall, these results convey that there is a potential alternative molecular pathway by which alveolar macrophages can respond to virally induced inflammation; that SARS-CoV-2 impairs GI function well beyond acute infection; and that PFOA may subacutely weaken the GI tract and the immune system and be a contributing factor to disease state in colitis. 
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Neuroimmune Communications Modulate Mucosal Immune Responses
Full text linkThe immune system is a critical component for survival against invading pathogens; however, inflammation is a double-edged sword. Aberrant inflammation caused by a dysregulated immune response leads to pathology, morbidity, and mortality. Common treatments such as general immunosuppressants leave patients susceptible to opportunistic infections, so there is a dire need for more targeted therapies to reduce inflammation at targeted sites without ablating the entire immune response. The nervous system regulates the immune response, allowing for cross-communication between the system via the release of neurotransmitters received by specialized receptors that activate or suppress inflammation. Neuroimmune communication is becoming increasingly appreciated for its ability to target specific organ systems and engage with the immune response, altering it in a host-beneficial or maladaptive manner. Here, I untangle some critical interactions of neuroimmune communications at mucosal sites such as the gastrointestinal tract and lung during enteric infections and Toll-like receptor-induced inflammation. I have found that TRPV1 sensory nociceptor neurons are critical during enteric infection while Substance P receptor signaling causes aberrant inflammation during the same enteric infection. Additionally, I have found that vagal nerve stimulation can reduce viral mimetic-induced inflammation in the lung via epinephrine release into the circulation. Together, these data show novel neuroimmune interactions that could lead to critical interventions for patient care afflicted by pathology-induced inflammation
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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