1,721,093 research outputs found
Towards meaningful comparisons of personality in large-scale cross-cultural studies
No full textOne of Jüri Allik’s major, pioneering contributions to psychology is the assessment of personality across numerous cultures. His contributions have inspired many other large collaborations of international researchers to move beyond early work confirming the Five Factor Model cross-culturally to assessing the reliability and validity of a broad range of personality traits. Cross-cultural comparisons of personality traits may be problematic if mea ures have unique meanings in different cultural contexts that influence how individuals respond to items. In this chapter we present a new and relatively simple method for assessing the comparability of measures in large-scale cross-cultural studies, and illustrate the method using responses to the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) from 15,368 participants in 63 countries participating in the International Situations Project
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Sotsiaalne kapital ja individualism–kollektivism indiviidi tasandil
Full text linkVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneSotsiaalne kapital – usaldusel ja normidel põhinevad inimestevahelised sidemed ja sotsiaalsed võrgustikud – on kasulik ressurss nii üksikisikutele, kogukondadele kui ka riikidele, kuid on kardetud, et Lääne maailmas leviv individualism viib inimestevaheliste suhete nõrgenemiseni ja vähendab ühiskonna sidusust. Individualismi on seejuures tihtipeale nähtud kui äärmuslikku omakasupüüdlikkust, unustades, et individualismil võib olla ka kasulikumaid väljundeid, nagu iseenda ja oma tegude eest vastutuse võtmine. Individualismi ja omakasupüüdlikkuse või egoismi vahele võrdusmärki tõmmates võivad tulla üllatusena uuringud, mis näitavad, et individualistlikes ühiskondades on inimestel tegelikult rohkem sotsiaalset kapitali, see tähendab, et nad on üksteise suhtes usaldavamad ja erinevate vabatahtlike võrgustike kaudu üksteisega tihedamalt seotud kui kollektivistlikes ühiskondades. Väitekirja aluseks olevate uuringute tulemused näitavad, et ühiskonna tasandil leitud seosed kehtivad ka indiviidi tasandil ning individualistlikud inimesed kalduvad omama rohkem sotsiaalset kapitali. Nii näiteks on eestlaste puhul indiviidi tasandil sotsiaalse kapitaliga positiivselt seotud üks individualismi võtmekomponente – küps vastutustunne ehk oma tegude eest vastutuse võtmine. Kõigis Euroopa riikides kalduvad individualistlikumad inimesed väljapoole oma pereringi jäävaid inimesi rohkem usaldama ning olema seotud rohkemate sotsiaalsete võrgustikega. Samas seletavad individualism–kollektivism ja sotsio-demograafilised tunnused (nt vanus, sugu, haridus ja elukoht) üksnes väga väikese osa inimestevahelistest erinevustest sotsiaalse kapitali määras. See on kooskõlas varasemate uuringute tulemustega, mis viitavad, et indiviidi tasandi sotsiaalse kapitali allikaid ei tuleks otsida mitte inimese enda omadustest, vaid pigem teda ümbritsevast vahetust keskkonnast.Social capital – ties and social networks that are based on trust and mutual norms – has proven to be an extremely useful resource for individuals, groups, and countries, but there have been concerns that growing individualism in Western countries is weakening relationships between people and decreasing social cohesion in society. Individualism is often seen in a very negative light, as extreme egoism, and it is often forgotten that individualism may have more useful features, such as taking responsibility for one’s own actions. When equating individualism with egoism and simple self-interest, it may come as a surprise that several studies have shown that people in countries that emphasise individualistic strivings are also more likely to trust other people and to be more engaged in different social networks. The results of this dissertation provide some support for the assumption that the relationship between social capital and individualism–collectivism also follows similar patterns at the individual level of analysis, and that more individualistically minded individuals have more social capital. For instance, mature self-responsibility, which is one of the essential components of individualism, was found to be positively associated with social capital in an Estonian sample. Furthermore, more individualistic people tend to trust more people outside of their immediate family and belong to more social networks in all European countries studied. However, individualism–collectivism together with sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, gender, education, and domicile) explain only a small fraction of individual differences in social capital. This is in accord with established theories and previous empirical findings that suggest that the sources of individual-level social capital are located not so much in the characteristics of the individual, but rather in his/her social surroundings
Disentangling the complex relations among personality, health and well-being [Editorial]
Full text linkVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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