46 research outputs found
Sharing lessons learnt: Reflections on a novel approach to developing the contextual activity template
No full textIntroduction: There have been few published applications of the second phase of Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA), Control Task Analysis, particularly the Contextual Activity Template (CAT). The current study aimed to share lessons learnt from utilizing an online survey as a novel approach to development of a CAT. The application domain was sport, specifically football goalkeeping. A secondary aim was to apply the CAT to the goalkeeping role and gain the perceptions of both goalkeeping coaches and players on the functions and situations specific to a goalkeeper during match-play. Methods: Ten SMEs with high-level expertize in goalkeeping coaching and/or playing participated in an online survey including a series of demographic, Likert scale and open-ended questions regarding goalkeeper specific functions and match-play situations. Eight goalkeeper match-play situations and 18 specific functions were included. Results: A CAT model was created demonstrating the match-play situations where specific goalkeeper functions occur. Three function groupings were identified: broad (six or more functions), moderate (between three and five functions), and specific (below three functions). Discussion: Utilizing online surveys to develop a CAT model is a novel approach within the Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) literature. Further, the CAT represents a first of its kind analysis in the football performance literature. Strengths and limitations of using online surveys for the development of a CAT are discussed. In conclusion, the work suggests flexible approaches can be used to develop HFE models.No Full Tex
Reading and comprehension of youth literary texts for students with speech and language disorders and adaptation of texts into forms that are easier to read
No full textDoktorska disertacija obravnava večplastno in interdisciplinarno tematiko, skozi katero se prepletajo štiri med seboj povezana področja, in sicer otroška in mladinska književnost, bralna pismenost, literarne priredbe ter govorno-jezikovne motnje (GJM).
Disertacija je razdeljena na tri dele. Prvi del predstavlja uvod z analizo obravnavanega problema. Drugi del predstavljajo teoretična izhodišča, v katerih so opredeljena in opisana posamezna tematska področja. Najprej je predstavljena teorija otroške in mladinske književnosti. Analizirani sta mladinski literarni besedili, ki sta bili izbrani za raziskavo, to sta umetna pripovedka Frana Levstika Martin Krpan z Vrha in mladinska povest Primoža Suhodolčana Košarkar naj bo. Nato so predstavljeni pogledi na bralno pismenost in njene gradnike, pri čemer je največji poudarek na branju literarnih besedil pri učencih z GJM. Temu sledijo pogledi na teorijo literarnih priredb s poudarkom na priredbah, namenjenih osebam s posebnimi potrebami, pri čemer sta natančneje opisani prirejanje besedil v lahko branje in prirejanje v preprosti jezik. Nazadnje so predstavljene govorno-jezikovne motnje, značilnosti posameznikov s temi motnjami, njihov vzgojno-izobraževalni proces ter težave, ki se pri učencih s temi motnjami pojavljajo na področju branja.
Tretji del disertacije predstavlja empirični del, v katerem je opisana kvalitativna študija primera, v katero je bilo vključenih petdeset učencev tretjega vzgojno-izobraževalnega obdobja, ki se šolajo v prilagojenem izobraževalnem programu devetletne osnovne šole z enakovrednim izobrazbenim standardom za otroke z govorno-jezikovnimi motnjami. S študijo primera sta bili preverjani branje in razumevanje dveh mladinskih literarnih besedil pri obravnavani populaciji učencev. Za izvedbo raziskave sta bili izbrani besedili, ki sta za mlade bralce vsebinsko zanimivi, a sta zaradi jezikovnih in slogovnih posebnosti za učence z GJM zelo težko berljivi. Obe besedili sta bili v namen raziskave v celoti prirejeni v lahko branje. Odlomek iz vsakega od besedil pa je bil prirejen tudi v preprosti jezik.
Rezultati raziskave in njihova interpretacija so predstavljeni za vsako obravnavano literarno besedilo posebej. Najprej so opisani postopki prirejanja besedil. Temu sledi opis obravnave obeh besedil v petih fazah, skozi katere so ju učenci brali v različnih oblikah. Po vsaki fazi je bilo izvedeno preverjanje razumevanja z intervjuji oziroma z vprašalniki. V prvi fazi obravnave so učenci prebrali začetna odlomka izvirnih besedil, v drugi fazi so brali vsebinsko enaka odlomka v lahkem branju, v tretji fazi so učenci prebrali celotni besedili v lahkem branju, v četrti fazi so brali odlomka v preprostem jeziku, v zadnji, peti fazi pa so učenci ponovno brali odlomek iz izvirnega besedila, ki pa ni bil enak odlomkom, ki so jih brali v preteklih fazah. Rezultati raziskave so potrdili zastavljene teze, da lahko s prirejenimi literarnimi besedili učencem z govorno-jezikovnimi motnjami omogočimo in/ali olajšamo doseganje učnih ciljev književnega pouka. Prav tako lahko z različnimi stopnjami priredb učence z govorno-jezikovnimi motnjami postopoma pripravimo na branje zahtevnejših izvirnih literarnih besedil. S priredbami mladinskih literarnih besedil v laže berljive oblike učencem z govorno-jezikovnimi motnjami omogočimo literarnoestetsko doživljanje njihovi starosti oziroma razvojni stopnji primernih besedil, za kar so sicer pogosto prikrajšani. Z vprašalnikom bralne motivacije (po Pečjak 2006) je bila testirana tudi bralna motivacija sodelujočih učencev pred začetkom in ob koncu raziskave. Rezultati tega dela raziskave so potrdili tezo, da se lahko ob ustreznih postopnih pristopih k branju literarnih besedil poveča bralna motivacija učencev z govorno-jezikovnimi motnjami.The PhD dissertation discusses a multilayer and interdisciplinary topic combining four interrelated fields: children’s and young adult literature, reading literacy, literary adaptations and speech and language disorders.
Dissertation consists of three parts. The first part is an introduction analyzing the problem at hand. The second part presents the theoretical framework which defines and describes individual thematic fields. Firstly, the theory of children’s and young adult literature is presented. Two young adult literary texts, chosen for the research are analyzed: Fran Levstik’s story Martin Krpan z Vrha and Košarkar naj bo, a novel contemporary story by Primož Suhodolčan. Views on reading literacy and its cornerstones are discussed next, focusing on reading of literary texts by students with speech and language disorders. After that, views on the theory of literary adaptations are introduced with emphasis on adaptations for people with special needs, specifically adaptation of literary texts into easy-to-read format and plain language. Lastly, speech and language disorders, characteristics of individuals with these disorders, their education process and reading problems of students with these disorders are presented.
The third part of the dissertation is empirical, presenting a case study involving fifty third-education-period students in adapted education programme of 9-year basic school with equal education standard for students with speech and language disorders. The case study researched reading and comprehension of two young adult literature texts in the chosen target group of students. The two texts chosen for the research are interesting for young adult readers but are very hard to read for speech and language disorders students due to language and stylistic peculiarities. For research purposes both texts were adapted into easy-to-read format. An excerpt of each text was adapted into plain language.
Research results and their interpretation for each literary text are presented separately. Firstly, the procedure of literary adaptation is described, followed by a description of texts’ discussion in five stages as they were read in different formats by the students. After each stage comprehension testing was done through interviews or questionnaires. In the first discussion stage students read the opening excerpts of the original texts, in the second stage they read the same excerpts in easy-to-read format, in the third stage students read entire texts in easy-to-read format, in the fourth stage they read the excerpts in plain language, and in the last, fifth stage they read another excerpt from the original texts which was different from excerpts in the first four stages. Research results confirmed the proposed hypotheses that adapted literary texts enable students with speech and language disorders to achieve learning goals in literature lessons or at least make achieving the goals easier. At the same time, different adaptation stages gradually prepare students with speech and language disorders to read more demanding original literary texts. By adapting young adult literary texts into more readable formats, students with speech and language disorders are given an aesthetic experience of texts suitable for their age and development stage which they are often deprived of. Through a reading motivation questionnaire (by Pečjak 2006) the participating students’ reading motivation was tested before and after the research. Results of this research part confirmed the hypothesis that with appropriate gradual approach to reading literary texts reading motivation of students with speech and language disorders could increase
BATASAN PRASANGKA BURUK PERSPEKTIF M. QURAISH SHIHAB DALAM TAFSIR AL-MISBAH SURAT AL-HUJURAT AYAT 12
No full textThe phenomenon of hoax news that broadcasts through various communication media, both in social media and in people's social lives has caused anxiety and tension in each individual. Various prejudices arise in the minds of the individuals involved. It cannot be denied that this can encourage someone to have bad prejudices. As a result, the goals of communication science are not achieved; peace and security. This encourages the author to make it an object of research. The main object that is the problem in this research is Surat al-Hujurat verse 12. This research is related to the limitations of prejudice contained in Surat al-Hujurat verse 12. This is intended so that each individual knows the extent to which he is allowed or not to be prejudiced. , as well as the law of prejudice. This research is library research. The primary data collected is the Al-Quran and Quraish Shihab in their interpretation, and secondary data is obtained through the literature of books and journals. The research results show that prejudice is the basis for hampered communication and the breakdown of relationships. This research results that: Quraish Shihab's interpretation says that unfounded prejudice is a sin, and if it is clear the indication is just the opposite. However, Shihab allowed doubts to arise because of the spontaneity of the heart
Who is to blame for crashes involving autonomous vehicles? Exploring blame attribution across the road transport system
No full textThe introduction of fully autonomous vehicles is approaching. This warrants a re-consideration of road crash liability, given drivers will have diminished control. This study, underpinned by attribution theory, investigated blame attribution to different road transport system actors following crashes involving manually driven, semi-autonomous and fully autonomous vehicles. It also examined whether outcome severity alters blame ratings. 396 participants attributed blame to five actors (vehicle driver/user, pedestrian, vehicle, manufacturer, government) in vehicle-pedestrian crash scenarios. Different and unique patterns of blame were found across actors, according to the three vehicle types. In crashes involving fully autonomous vehicles, vehicle users received low blame, while vehicle manufacturers and government were highly blamed. There was no difference in the level of blame attributed between high and low severity crashes regarding vehicle type. However, the government received more blame in high severity crashes. The findings have implications for policy and legislation surrounding crash liability. Practitioner summary: Public views relating to blame and liability in transport accidents is a vital consideration for the introduction of new technologies such as autonomous vehicles. This study demonstrates how a systems ergonomics framework can assist to identify the implications of changing public opinion on blame for future road transport systems. Abbreviation: ANOVA: analysis of variance; DAT: defensive attribution theory; IV: independent variable
Bounds on packings and coverings by spheres inq-ary and mixed Hamming spaces
No full textIn a recent paper by the same author general improvements on the sphere covering bound for binary covering codes were obtained. In the present work it is shown how the main idea can be exploited to obtain improved sphere bounds also for nonbinary codes. We concentrate on generalq-ary codes and on binary/ternary mixed codes. Special attention is paid to the football pool problem; a few new lower bounds are established. Also, it is shown how a similar method yields upper bounds on packing codes
Complexity on the rails: A systems-based approach to understanding safety management in rail transport
No full textRail transport is a complex, safety-critical system which experiences catastrophic events. Systems theory-based approaches have been applied to understand risk and safety management in a range of safety-critical domains, however in rail, systems approaches have tended to be applied for accident analysis, rather than to describe how risk and safety is proactively managed. This study involved the development of a control structure model of rail transport in Australia using the Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) method. The control structure identifies the actors involved in managing safety, and shows the control and feedback mechanisms that comprise the adaptive feedback function to maintain safety. The control structure was refined in a participative process involving subject matter experts. Insights identified for improving safety management included: a need to improve feedback mechanisms to better understand the effectiveness of control measures; a lack of formal controls at higher levels of the system; and a focus within current feedback mechanisms on failures rather than understanding and learning from normal performance. Opportunities for applying the model in industry practice are also explored
The British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Registers in Ankylosing Spondylitis (BSRBR-AS) study : Protocol for a prospective cohort study of the long-term safety and quality of life outcomes of biologic treatment
No full textAcknowledgements Oversight of the study is provided by the BSR Registers Committee of which GJM and GTJ are members, together with investigators from BSRBR-RA, representatives from the BSR clinical affairs section and BSR independent members, currently, Alex MacGregor (University of East Anglia), Elaine Dennison (University of Southampton), Jon Packham (Keele University) and patient representatives Ailsa Bosworth and Debbie Cook. We acknowledge the contribution of the International Advisory Group members Desireé van der Heijde (Netherlands), Matthew Brown (Australia) and Walter Maksymowych (Canada). We thank Neil Basu (University of Aberdeen) for his role with regards to pharmacovigilance and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (University of Glasgow) for data management services. Author KTM is currently at the Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Peer reviewe
Managing the risks associated with technological disruption in the road transport system: a control structure modelling approach
No full textRoad transport is experiencing disruptive change from new first-of-a-kind technologies. While such technologies offer safety and operational benefits, they also pose new risks. It is critical to proactively identify risks during the design, development and testing of new technologies. The Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) method analyses the dynamic structure in place to manage safety risks. This study applied STAMP to develop a control structure model for emerging technologies in the Australian road transport system and identified control gaps. The control structure shows the actors responsible for managing risks associated with first-of-a-kind technologies and the existing control and feedback mechanisms. Gaps identified related to controls (e.g. legislation) and feedback mechanisms (e.g. monitoring for behavioural adaptation). The study provides an example of how STAMP can be used to identify control structure gaps requiring attention to support the safe introduction of new technologies
Forecasting emergent risks in advanced AI systems: an analysis of a future road transport management system
No full textArtificial Intelligence (AI) is being increasingly implemented within road transport systems worldwide. Next generation of AI, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is imminent, and is anticipated to be more powerful than current AI. AGI systems will have a broad range of abilities and be able to perform multiple cognitive tasks akin to humans that will likely produce many expected benefits, but also potential risks. This study applied the EAST Broken Links approach to forecast the functioning of an AGI system tasked with managing a road transport system and identify potential risks. In total, 363 risks were identified that could have adverse impacts on the stated goals of safety, efficiency, environmental sustainability, and economic performance of the road system. Further, risks beyond the stated goals were identified; removal from human control, mismanaging public relations, and self-preservation. A diverse set of systemic controls will be required when designing, implementing, and operating future advanced technologies.Practitioner summary: This study demonstrated the utility of HFE methods for formally considering risks associated with the design, implementation, and operation of future technologies. This study has implications for AGI research, design, and development to ensure safe and ethical AGI implementation
Perceived impacts of stressful events on train driver performance
No full textAcute stress exposure can significantly impact a train driver's capacity to maintain safe train operations. However, research examining how train drivers perceive the impacts of acute stressors is limited. This study investigated train driver perceptions regarding performance impacts of stressful events and potential strategies for reducing negative impacts. 71 Australian train drivers were presented with three stressful event scenarios via an online survey and asked to rate the impacts on driving performance. Results showed that participants perceived that stress would enhance performance, but that impacts differed depending on the event type. The findings suggest that train drivers may not be subjectively aware of negative impacts of acute stress, which has important practical implications for risk management following an incident. Qualitative results revealed the most frequently reported stress impact related to cognition. Practical implications and future research directions to prevent and manage stressful event exposure are discussed.</p
