1,721,041 research outputs found
Transport: evolving EU policy towards a 'hard-to-abate' sector
Full text linkTransport has been dependent on fossil fuels since the beginning of the industrial revolution. The growth in traffic, especially due to EU liberalisation, has led to increased air pollution. although the EU has adopted different market-based mechanisms to reduce negative environmental externalities from transport continued transport growth has eliminated the effect of these policy measures. Thus, transport represents an acute challenge for the EU if it is to meeting its 2050 climate goals. The different transport modes face different challenges and some transport modes like road and rail are closer to meeting the targets compared to aviation and waterborne transport. Overall, this chapter identifies the key challenges in decarbonising transport by emphasising the deeply embedded path dependencies in the fossil fuel infrastructure that surround all transport modes and analyses the role of actors, both policy-makers and external stakeholders, in creating a new low carbon path for EU transport policy
The EU: towards adequate, coherent and coordinated climate action?
Full text linkThis chapter takes stock of what we have learned from the contributions gathered in this Handbook and reflects on the EU’s ability to deliver on increasingly ambitious climate policy objectives. After summarizing key messages of each chapter, the chapter brings out a number of cross-cutting themes, related to key on-going challenges facing effective EU climate policy. These include the need to raise and appropriately direct significant new finance, the need for democratic but also decisive decision making, the power of ‘incumbents’, the adequacy of relying on technological fixes for emission reduction, and the geopolitical dimension. We end with an assessment of the prospects for EU climate policy and politics as the 2020s develop, in particular the extent to which crises can be managed to allow a continued or even enhanced focus on climate change. We highlight growing impacts from extreme events as one on-going crisis that will need a more concerted response
The global importance of EU climate policy: an introduction
Full text linkAmong the countries and organisations subscribing to the objective of ‘climate neutrality’ by the middle of the twenty-first century, the European Union is a rather distinctive actor, whose long-standing efforts to deliver decarbonisation deserve particularly close attention. The chapter begins with a brief outline of the main actors, institutions and policy processes involved in the EU climate policy process. This is followed by a chronological account of the evolution of EU climate policy and politics, including key instruments such as the Emissions Trading System, covering the period from the early 1990s up to the 2019 European Green Deal and 2021 ‘Fit for 55’ package of measures. The final section explains the rationale for the structure of the book, and summarizes the aims and objectives of the following 25 chapters
Adaptation in the water sector: Will mainstreaming be sufficient?
No full textThe previous chapter highlighted the concept of mainstreaming and its emerging importance in EU adaptation policy. In this chapter, the implications of this agenda for a specific policy sector – water – are examined. In spite of its economic roots, the EU has in fact been confronting issues associated with the governance of water for over three decades. In fact, water quality constituted one of the very first priorities identified by EU environmental policy makers. In common with some of the other policy areas we have examined, the European Commission has been somewhat handicapped by the lack of a clear legal mandate to regulate. At first, this was partially resolved by framing water quality problems as threats to the common market and/or public health, which gave rise to a somewhat uneven pattern of intervention. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, however, the increased competence of the EU in environmental matters permitted a thorough overhaul of the water acquis, from which emerged a new approach, pursued through the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and separate legislation on floods (Directive 2007/60/EC). At the time that the water acquis was rapidly developing, climate change was not a prominent concern at EU level. In fact it was only with the creation of the ECCP II in 2005 (see Chapter 7) that the implications of climate change began to be seriously explored by EU water experts
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Governance Choices and Dilemmas in a Warmer World
No full textSince 1996, EU climate policy has subscribed to the overall objective of ensuring that global average temperatures do not exceed 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Achieving this target will require fundamental shifts in European and global energy systems. The EU's 2008 climate–energy package, which set out a 20% emissions reduction target by 2020, was a significant step forward in political commitment, but still fell well short of the IPCC's recommendation (Pachauri and Reisinger 2007) of a 25–40% cut by industrialised countries by 2020. The European Council has, since 2007, also been committed in principle to a reduction in collective emissions from industrialised countries by 60–80% by 2050 – a figure broadly commensurate with the IPCC's advice (see Chapter 3). What stands out about all these goals is that they deal with what many of today's governors would consider to be the very long-term future, although in scientific terms is not. Given that climate policy is such a long-term undertaking, there is a need to understand whether these and other policies are likely to be robust over these timescales; in other words, capable of performing well under a range of different conditions. The general aim of this chapter is to explore how EU climate policy might evolve in the period from 2020 to 2040 given a set of different policy contexts. In effect, we reverse the emphasis on historical developments of Parts II and III, and examine how policy might unfold in the future
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