104,493 research outputs found
Lack of semantic parafoveal preview benefit in reading revisited
No full textIn contrast to earlier research, evidence for semantic preview benefit in reading has been reported by Hohenstein and Kliegl (Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40, 166–190, 2013) in an alphabetic writing system; they also implied that prior demonstrations of lack of a semantic preview benefit needed to be reexamined. In the present article, we report a rather direct replication of an experiment reported by Rayner, Balota, and Pollatsek (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986). Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, subjects read sentences that contained a target word (razor), but different preview words were initially presented in the sentence. The preview was identical to the target word (i.e., razor), semantically related to the target word (i.e., blade), semantically unrelated to the target word (i.e., sweet), or a visually similar nonword (i.e., razar). When the reader’s eyes crossed an invisible boundary location just to the left of the target word location, the preview changed to the target word. Like Rayner et al. (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986), we found that fixations on the target word were significantly shorter in the identical condition than in the unrelated condition, which did not differ from the semantically related condition; when an orthographically similar preview had been initially present in the sentence, fixations were shorter than when a semantically unrelated preview had been present. Thus, the present experiment replicates the earlier data reported by Rayner et al. (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986), indicating evidence for an orthographic preview benefit but a lack of semantic preview benefit in reading English
The effect of high- and low-frequency previews and sentential fit on word skipping during reading
No full textIn a previous gaze-contingent boundary experiment, Angele and Rayner (2013) found that readers are likely to skip a word that appears to be the definite article the even when syntactic constraints do not allow for articles to occur in that position. In the present study, we investigated whether the word frequency of the preview of a 3-letter target word influences a reader’s decision to fixate or skip that word. We found that the word frequency rather than the felicitousness (syntactic fit) of the preview affected how often the upcoming word was skipped. These results indicate that visual information about the upcoming word trumps information from the sentence context when it comes to making a skipping decision. Skipping parafoveal instances of the therefore may simply be an extreme case of skipping high-frequency words
Verdazyl radicals as mediators in living radical polymerisation and dopamine end-functionalised polymers for application as friction modifiers
No full textVerdazyl Radicals as Mediators in Living Radical Polymerisation:
The aim of this work was to investigate verdazyl radicals as an alternative to
nitroxides as mediators in stable free radical polymerisation. Verdazyl radicals and
their unimolecular initiators were synthesised and utilised in the polymerisation of
styrene and n-butyl acrylate. Varying degrees of success was observed in the
polymerisations depending on the structure of the verdazyl radical. The
polymerisation of methyl methacrylate and the copolymerisation of styrene and
methyl methacrylate were also investigated. Correlations between observed
molecular weight and theoretical molecular weight were poor but may be improved
by optimisation of the reaction conditions. Electron paramagnetic resonance was
used to elucidate the radical structure as well as to confirm the living nature of the
polymerisation technique. Electron paramagnetic resonance was also utilised to
provide an insight into radical stability and reactivity in the various reactions
undertaken.
Dopamine End-Functionalised Polymers for Application as Friction
Modifiers:
The aim of this work was to synthesise oil soluble dopamine end-functionalised
polymers for mechanical testing to determine if the polymers can reduce friction by
film formation at a surface. A dopamine based initiator was synthesised and used in Cu(I) and Cu(0) mediated polymerisations with little success and the dopamine
catecholic end-group could not be identified as the polymer end-group. To enable a
successful living polymerisation, the catechol groups on dopamine required
protection. Complete deprotection of the catechol group can be achieved post
polymerisation. The polymerisation of lauryl methacrylate was achieved using a
polymerisation method designed for the long chain, non-polar molecule which
utilised Cu(I)Cl. The polymerisations were scaled up to obtain a baseline, protected
dopamine and deprotected dopamine polymers for mechanical testing. A reduction
in friction and wear observed for the deprotected dopamine polymer, however,
corrosion was also observed and may have affected the results
RV Ronald H. Brown Cruise RB0901, 15 Apr-06 May 2009. RAPID Mooring Cruise Report
No full textThis report describes the mooring operations conducted during RV Ronald H. Brown cruiseRB0901 between 15 April and 5 May 2009.These mooring operations were completed as part of the United Kingdom Natural EnvironmentResearch Council (NERC) funded RAPID-WATCH Programme to monitor the AtlanticMeridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N. The primary purpose on this cruise for the UKteam was to service the RAPID Western Boundary moorings while the US team worked on theWestern Boundary Time Series project.Cruise RB0901 was from Charleston, South Carolina to Charleston, South Carolina andcovered the Western Boundary moorings deployed on cruises SJ08 and RB0701. This cruisewas the seventh annual refurbishment of the Western Boundary section of an array of mooringsdeployed across the Atlantic in order to continuously observe the Atlantic MeridionalOverturning Circulation (MOC). This array will be further refined and refurbished duringsubsequent years.The instruments deployed on the array consist of a variety of current meters, bottom pressurerecorders, and CTD loggers, which, combined with time series measurements of the FloridaChannel Current and wind stress estimates, will be used to determine the strength and structureof the MOC at 26.5°N.(http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/rapid
The Proterozoic P-T-t Evolution of the Kemp Land Coast, East Antarctica; Constraints from Si-saturated and Si-undersaturated Metapelites
No full textIntegrated metamorphic and geochronological data place new constraints on the metamorphic evolution of a Neoproterozoic orogen in east Antarctica. Granulite-facies rocks from a 150km stretch of the Kemp Land coast reflect peak conditions involving T ≈ 870-990°C at P ≈ 74-10 kbar, with pressure increasing westward towards an Archaean craton. Electron microprobe-derived (Th + U)-Pb monazite ages from metapelitic assemblages indicate that the major mineral textures in these rocks developed during the c. 940Ma Rayner Orogeny. Complex compositional zoning in monazite suggests high-T recrystallization over c Myr. Diversity in metapelitic reaction textures reflects silica and ferromagnesian content: Si-saturated Fe-rich metapelites contain garnet that is partially pseudomorphed by biotite and sillimanite, whereas Si-saturated Mg-rich metapelites and Si-undersaturated metapelitic pods have reaction microstructures involving cordierite enclosing orthopyroxene, garnet and/or sapphirine, cordierite sapphirine + symplectites around sillimanite and coarse-grained orthopyroxene + corundum separated by sapphirine coronae. Interpretations based on P-T pseudosections provide integrated bulk-rock constraints and indicate a clockwise P-T-t path characterized by a post-peak P-T trajectory with dP/dT ≈ 15-20 bar/°C. This moderately sloped decompressive-cooling P-T path is in contrast to near-isothermal decompression P-T paths commonly cited for this region of the Rayner Complex, with implications for the post-collisional tectonic response of the mid- to lower crust within this orogenic belt. © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved
Eye movement sequences during simple versus complex information processing of scenes in autism spectrum disorder
No full textMinshew and Goldstein (1998) postulated that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder of complex information processing. The current study was designed to investigate this hypothesis. Participants with and without ASD completed two scene perception tasks: a simple “spot the difference” task, where they had to say which one of a pair of pictures had a detail missing, and a complex “which one's weird” task, where they had to decide which one of a pair of pictures looks “weird”. Participants with ASD did not differ from TD participants in their ability to accurately identify the target picture in both tasks. However, analysis of the eye movement sequences showed that participants with ASD viewed scenes differently from normal controls exclusively for the complex task. This difference in eye movement patterns, and the method used to examine different patterns, adds to the knowledge base regarding eye movements and ASD. Our results are in accordance with Minshew and Goldstein's theory that complex, but not simple, information processing is impaired in ASD.<br/
Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)
No full textLetter from Fred H. Rayner to Walter Dossett providing him with the address of Mr. James T. Baid, Vice President of the H. Kempner Cotton Company
Functional expression cloning reveals proapoptotic role for protein phosphatase 4
No full text© 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reservedFunctional expression cloning strategies are highly suitable for the analysis of the molecular control of apoptosis. This approach has two critical advantages. Firstly, it eliminates prior assumptions about the properties of the proteins involved, and, secondly, it selectively targets proteins that are causally involved in apoptosis control and which affect the crucial cellular decision between survival and death. The application of this strategy to the isolation of cDNAs conferring resistance to dexamethasone and italic gamma-irradiation resulted in the isolation of a partial cDNA for the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4). Cells transfected with this partial cDNA in an expression vector downregulated PP4 and were resistant to both dexamethasone and UV radiation, as demonstrated by both membrane integrity and colony-forming assays. These observations suggest that PP4 plays an important proapoptotic role in T lymphocytes.M. Mourtada-Maarabouni, L. Kirkham, B. Jenkins, J. Rayner, T.J. Gonda, R. Starr, I. Trayner, F. Farzaneh and G.T. William
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Slowing of intestinal glucose absorption by metformin is not related to the timing of its administration
No full textM.J. Borg, C. Xie, C. Chen, W. Huang, K. Jones, M. Horowitz, C. Rayner, T. W
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